4 thousand year old story on holy lands. The story of compassionate water began with Hacer..
– Mankind have been landed on edge of water in every stage of history
– In waterless places , they had carried water far away, from under ground, above ground..
– Historical water monuments as an engineering marvel..
– And here, one of them is Makkah Water ways..
– A belief story on trace of sand, in mystery of water..
– Makkah water monuments builded by Zübeyde, the doughter of Abbasid ruler Harun Reşid and Mihrimah the doughter of Ottoman ruler Kanuni Sultan Süleyman.
– Makkah Water Ways map, which was drew in the period of Abdülhamid 2nd and found last year, was our main guide.
– Now, it is time to be precious as water…
PROF. DR. Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu
Water is the source of life. Water is our most valuable asset. The place occupied by water in our culture, our civilisation is unique. In our language there is a saying that goes “May you be precious like water.” In our civilization, in the Holy Koran, in the Verse; Allah decrees; “We created all living creatures from water”. When we think of water these are what comes to our minds. But of course we also remember Zamzam water, in addition to the holiness of this water there is a second holiness. And this is the fact that, it is a link in a chain that spreads from Prophet Ismail to our Holy Prophet and this chain has continued to this day.
Ekrem Keleş
Everything, every living thing, has found life with water. As understood from this expression in the Ayat al Karima, water is exceptionally important in the sustainment of living things and human life. It is not possible to sustain life without water.
Narrator
It is a universally known fact that the date holds an importance as great as water. The date, which was always supplied for the Muslims who performed their Hajj duty, took a guiding role in the waterway that was built by Zubaidah.
Remzi Demirlikan
The engineers of the time, who were researching in the environs of Mecca, found a garden of dates in the spring locale of Ayn al-Zubaidah, the Zubaidah Water. Of course, just like every green thing that points to existence of water, this garden of dates points to the existence of water. They researched and supplied the water from a depth of 30 meters. The dates, which were grown in the gardens that were irrigated with that water, were offered for the nutrition of the hajjis. When Zubaidah was informed of this news, she said, “People are more important than trees. Those trees can be neglected, but take that water and bring it to Mecca. Find a way to accomplish this”.
Yahya Hamza Koshak
Sultan Zubaidah is the wife of Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid. As Mecca flourished and grew, the Zamzam Well fell short of meeting the demands of people. And Sultan Zubaidah contemplated how to supply water to Mecca. She merged Hunayn, Saqabah and Sherai water canals following the Jabal Al-Nur Mountain route. Then, she brought it from Jabal Al-Nur Mountain to Misfalah also known as Majid Well.
It was one of the water canals built by Sultan Zubaidah. Zubaidah Waterway was the main canal coming from the old Ta’if road to Mecca entering from Misfalah. Sultan Zubaidah had a second canal built from Numan Valley to Arafat, Muzdalifah and Al-Mina. Years passed under these conditions. The water in Zubaidah Waterway was fresher and richer than all other resources.
Narrator
It will be reasonable to state that Ayn al-Zubaidah is a marvel of thought when we consider the characteristic features of this waterway that was constructed in the Abbasid Period and the facilities of that time. The engineering techniques, which were used in the Zubaidah Waterway throughout its course, hold details that are admired today by many experts.
Remzi Demirlikan
This water, which was brought up to Aziziye locality, again came across a great obstacle. That obstacle involved going through very hard rock layers.Ayn al-Zubaidah is not only a charity marvel but also an engineering marvel. Accomplishing this with the technology of that time goes beyond our understanding.There are many aspects that we cannot figure out. Firstly, there is a very low slope. In other words, the slope, in which the water must be taken from its source and brought up to Haram-al-Sharif, is about five per thousand. We cannot comprehend how this was measured with the devices of that time and how this was implemented under the ground.
Zekai Sen
The visitors of the area have probably seen it; I don’t want to call it a back-up for Zamzam Well, but AinZubaidah waterway was built to supply water to Meccans. This kariz system in Numan Valley in Ta’if is a technological wonder. This technology was widely used in Iran, Middle Asia and even Spain.
Yakup Basmaci
Ain Zubaidah springs from clearly-cut valleys and mountains known as the Scarped Mountains. The valley closest to Mecca Mukarramah, or more precisely Arafat, is Numan Valley. According to our studies, this valley daily delivers 30.000 or 40.000 m3 of water. That’s a major thing. A resource of water to provide all the water required for Mecca, which had a population of a couple of thousands in 1970s. Ain Zubaidah had a flow rate of 20-30 cubic meters during the Ottoman renewal period and in 1970s, when the water gallery to Mecca was treated to prevent leaks. For Mecca Mukarramah of that time, 30.000 m3 of water was adequate for 300.000 and even 400.000 people. As the population grew rapidly, they analyzed the water of the Red Sea and developed a new system. Ain Zubaidah is a qanat system found throughout the Middle East, Pakistan, Iran and of course Turkmenistan. It was built with a beam system.
Omar Eburizaiza
When we study the qanats, we see that some of them have a diameter of one meter. Some of them are as big as this room. A cow can enter it. Why? That is because this measurement changes according to the amount of water that is collected in Saudi Arabia. If the valley is big, then that qanat is constructed big. If the amount of pouring water is low, a small qanat is constructed. This is the scientific aspect of the work. When we examine the channel slope, we observe that it was designed very well. The water is not caught in whirlpools; sunrays and salt sediments do not accumulate in here. As I have just said, it was designed very well. The water reaches up to Arafat. It is distributed on the Hill of Forgiveness. They call it ‘Jabal al-Rahmah’. Most of the people are there on the eve. There are nearly two hundred and forty beautiful water tanks in the place where they distribute the water. Most of them are used as warehouse. Some of them are on the mountains. Therefore, water is conveyed to the people in different places via gravity. Some of them are for camels and sheep while the covered and clean ones are for people.
Narrator
Zubaidah Waterway, which was built in the 8th century AD, is the greatest indication of how the technology which was used at that time, still holds quite considerable details today. Zubaidah Waterway, which was built with great meticulousness and which eliminated the water problem in Mecca, continues to fulfill the water need of hajjis who come to visit the holy lands with another route and fittings that are engineering marvels.
Omar Eburizaiza
We have a large project that is based upon improving the Zubadiah Waterway as much as possible. We are studying its slope by taking the historical findings into account. We are studying its structure in scientific dimensions. The foundation, which was led by Zubadiah, is with us. Zubadiah Waterway is a very beautiful water source system that has been supplying potable water from Naman Valley to Arafat, Muzdalifah, Mina and Mecca Al-Mukarramah for 12 centuries. This project was conducted in the seventh or eighth century in the period of the Abbasid Caliphate with the design and investment by the Muslims of Baghdad. This awe-inspiring project was performed under the supervision of Zubadiah. To define it from a scientific perspective, I must say that this is one of the best water source projects that I have ever seen in my life.
Narrator
Zubaidah Waterway, which is an engineering marvel, evokes the features and measurements of qanat, kariz, falaj and the gallery system that is existent in many countries of the world with its texture that is seen underground and on the surface.
Omar Eburizaiza
When Zubadiah Waterway is mentioned, ‘kanavat’, ‘hazarat’, ‘hazzanat’, ‘bazzanat’, ‘ehvat’, and ‘uyun’ are among the first qanats that come to mind. The amount of water, which has been entering these qanats for twelve centuries, ranges from 30 thousand to 40 thousand cubic meters. Its total distance between Naman Valley and Mecca Al-Mukarramah is approximately 40 kilometers. The length of the qanat is 32 kilometers including the distribution system. There are 286 harazats that have been shown to me in this project. Some of them were destroyed. I have no information regarding those. I am sure that there are more than 286 of them. However, I have found only 286 harazats. The number of bazanats, which are water tanks, in Mecca Al-Mukarramah is 39. All waters move via gravity. They move from the source to the houses via gravity. When we examine the kanavat system from a scientific perspective, the fact that we see their positions were selected very well is another feature that adds beauty to Zubadiah Waterway. The selection of these positions is not random. It was performed according to scientific foundations. I’m sure that these scientific selections were performed by the best scientists. Why is this project very good? That is because it has kept carrying water for twelve centuries. Everyone talks about sustainability these days. If this system can carry water for twelve centuries, this is a sustainable design. Many new projects are being performed now. None of them will remain after ten, fifteen or twenty years. However, this project will remain functioning. If it is studied and cared well, this project will continue to exist for many years to come.
Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu
Many important developments occurred around that water source throughout Islamic history. That is to say, the entire Islamic world, which spans five continents, aimed to drink from the Zamzam water. To bring water here and to carry water from here always preoccupied the minds of the great figures of the Islamic state. Very important waterways were built from the Abbasid Period to the last stages of the Ottoman Empire, and water was supplied.
Narrator
The Ottomans, who served the holy lands between 1517 and 1919, cleaned all the wells that survived from the Abbasid Period to their time; opened up wells; and constructed cisterns and dams. Since Mecca, in which big dams were built against the great floods that reached up to the doors of Baytullah, is the focal point of the Islamic world, it also has a distinct significance for the Ottoman Empire.
Omar Eburizaiza
Of course, Ayn al-Zubaidah was built by a woman named Zubaidah. Many people claim that the women had no activity in Islam. She is a woman, and she built all these structures a long time ago.
According to an account, this was a very expensive project. When all her money was spent for the project and she had no money left to pay the workers, she sold all her diamonds in Baghdad in order to pay for the efforts of the workers. She asked her family and her husband to give more money. She spent so much money for this project. We have been praying for her for twelve centuries. As I said, I am grateful for all administrators, princes and other people who have supported this project from the Abbasid Caliph to our time.
Narrator
The Ottoman Empire, which provided the Islamic world with rare works performed by great masters, takes its place on the stage of history. The Ottoman Empire put forward the desire to serve the holy cities even before the holy land came under Ottoman rule. In fact for centuries the Ottoman regional policy had been based on ‘bringing services’ and the sultans saw themselves as the guardians of the holy land. When the Hejaz region was under Mamluk rule, the aid sent by Ottoman sultans and the people shows the love our ancestors felt toward the sacred land.
Zekai Şen
First of all, we have so many great services done for that region, especially for Mecca and Medina during the Ottoman Empire period… Today, people who go to umrah, to hajj first see the porticos at Kaaba. Previously, there used to be a citadel nearby, to protect the region. But apart from these, so many great services related to water that are hidden from view were brought to Mecca and Medina during the Ottoman period.
Remzi Demirlikan
Beginning with the time of Yavuz Sultan Selim, the Ottoman Empire identified the service for the Hejaz Region as a service of top priority. The Empire tried not to hinder the services for Hejaz, Mecca, Medina and their environs even at the time of the greatest wars and under any circumstance. Among the primary services are the safety of the roads, safety of the hajjis, facilitation of the transportation for the hajjis, fulfillment of the needs of the hajjis, supply of water as well as health issues. None of the sultans of the Ottoman Empire ever distanced himself from these duties. These services were never interrupted in spite of the wars in various fronts and the hardships that were experienced especially in the last stages of the Ottoman Empire.
Narrator
Fountains, cisterns, water channels and waterways… These structures, each of which can be identified as a work of art, are the most elegant traces that were brought to the Islamic world by the Ottoman Empire.
Ekrem Keleş
The reservoirs at Muzdalifa, at Arafat still exist. They brought water all the way to Mecca. They provided water to the pilgrims. Again, numerous charitable monuments built by our ancestors for this purpose still stand at Mecca and around the city… Islamic civilization is a water civilization and for both the Seljuks and the Ottomans, for our ancestors, this gained an even greater importance. Our ancestors built fountains, wells, water canals, waterways everywhere. As their grandchildren, our responsibility is to continue this grand insight and understanding, to explain the importance of water and to live accordingly.
Narrator
Gifts were sent with the Surre Procession, lands that yielded high income were dedicated on behalf of Haramayn in the periods of Yıldırım Bayezid, Çelebi Mehmet and Sultan Murat II. Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror transferred money to the region from the valuables obtained from the conquest of İstanbul. Additionally, the efforts shown for the safety of the Hajj roads, for the building of the Hejaz railroad and to relieve the water shortage in the region are the biggest examples of the ways the Ottomans protected the holy land. This historic structure, which was designed by Mimar Sinan in the holy lands, is a proof of being blessed like water. Mihrimah Sultan, for whom he had this work built, is just like a mother who is still remembered with benediction for the charitable work that she performed for the people of Mecca.
Omar Eburizaiza
Following the Abbasids, the Ottomans took over. Excuse me if I say the name of that woman wrong even if I have heard her name many times. She is a good woman and her story is very beautiful. She is from İstanbul. She came to Mecca and detected problems in the Zubadiah Waterway. So, what did she do? She solved all problems by paying from her own pocket. She supplied all the money that was required for the repair. She gave a large sum of money in order for the water to reach Haram in Mecca from its source.
Narrator
The 40-km waterway – which was constructed by Harun al-Rashid, the ruler of the Abbasids, for his wife Zubaidah upon a dream that she saw according to an account, and which spans from Mount Ta’if to Mecca – is the first of the historical structures in the holy lands that survived to our time. The second one is the 24-km Mihrimah Sultan Waterway that was built between Arafat and Mecca by Mimar Sinan for Mihrimah Sultan, the daughter of Suleiman the Magnificent and Hürrem Sultan.
Yahya Hamza Koshak
After a long time had passed, the other waters coming to Mecca started to become salty and to diminish. People began to complain of water shortage. Until Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent’s daughter Mihrimah Sultan. She gave the order that the water from Mina be brought to Mecca. Mihrimah Sultan had connected the water from Mina with the old Zubaida waterway via a water canal under the Emirate. The palace of the old King Faisal had been connected to the water canal under the current Emirate with the other Zubaida canal coming from the old Taif road.
Remzi Demirlikan
Our ancestors have a saying: “Skill is subject to compliment; the goods that find no customer are considered a loss”. The fact that the Empire was experiencing its golden age in economic and political terms and the fact that there were such charitable people was influential in Mimar Sinan’s setting forth his skills, and such facilities provided Mimar Sinan with great opportunities.
Narrator
For Mimar Sinan, chief architect of the Ottoman, the woman he loves is the one that gives life. Two of his works, which confirm this idea, are the mosques that he built on the two coasts of İstanbul on behalf of Mihrimah Sultan. These mosques, which are located in Edirnekapı and Üsküdar respectively, witness a celestial sight on March 21, which was Mihrimah Sultan’s birthday. When the sky is vieved on this date from Mihrimah Sultan Shrine in Süleymaniye and from the Maiden’s Tower, one can observe that the Sun sets behind one of the mosques and the full Moon rises behind the other. This meeting of the Sun and the Moon shows Mimar Sinan’s love for Mihrimah Sultan. It can be stated that this love is enlivened again in the sky. The waterway, which was granted to the holy lands by Zubaidah in the 8th century AD, was taken no and repaired centuries late by a woman again. For that reason, Mihrimah Sultan went down in history for not just her charity but in terms of the place and importance of women in the Islamic world.
Omar Eburizaiza
Turks built the Zubaidah Waterway that spans from the beginning of Mecca, which we call Mahbas Al-Jin, to Haram Region. Of course, this was accomplished with the help of that woman. That woman spends a lot of money for this task. There are also many Turkish sultans who helped this project. During their rule, these sultans sent engineers and workers when the Zubaidah Waterway was damaged. Both local engineers from Mecca and other engineers from neighboring countries and cities like Egypt, Turkey, Damascus and İstanbul were tasked. As I said, all these developments happened in the period of the Ottomans.
Yakup Basmacı
And here we saw the union and togetherness of the Islamic world, seeing how fraternities, closeness between people could survive for over a thousand years through providing water made us very happy and I know that this is a way of life for us too. Ottoman monuments need to be protected; but if we revive the services of the Ottomans as a function, a duty, the principle of being useful, this would give us the opportunity to plan and build new monuments again.
Narrator
The Ottoman Empire, which served the holy lands for 400 years, did not neglect this region even in its hardest times. An 80-km water distribution line, which was built during the rule of Abdülhamit II and which spanned from the coast of the Red Sea to Mecca, and the Mecca Waterway Project guide new activities even today as money of engineering. A 1/4000 scale contour Mecca Waterway Map, which has been recently found in İstanbul, is another proof of the importance attached to the holy lands by the Ottoman Empire.
Ekrem Keleş
There are certainly many beautiful messages in Islam about water. For instance, the believers are advised not to waste the water. The believers are given an education. Do not waste the water even if you are performing ablution by a river or a sea. Think about a large water body that flows. You are by the sea. You are by the lake. Our books advise us to use the water without wasting it even if we are by a water body.
Narrator
When global warming and climate change are taken into account, we see that the importance of water has increased much more compared to the past. For that reason, the Islamic world devotedly implements the studies, which are led by the sustainable projects, in line with the established collective consciousness.
Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu
This historical process has continued for centuries in a healthy and safe manner. Therefore, when people say, “Be sacred like water”, we really comprehend that water is a very sacred thing for us. In view of this comprehension, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation has prepared the water vision. That is because water will be one of the most important reasons for the problems that will arise among states and communities in the 21st century. The problem will not be the water itself, but the shortage of water.
Narrator
Our world is becoming a desert day by day due to the drawn and dried-up water sources. Against this threat, local, regional and international organizations including governments point out the strategic importance of water and try to find a solution in regard to this. The studies, which are conducted to fulfill the water need of Mecca, gain importance in this respect.
Omar Eburizaiza
Mecca and its environs are depended on purifying the water from salt. As the government, we want to build a backup system that will provide us with water in case the treatment networks malfunction. We have 10 professors for the design of this unit. We are now designing the underground dam. We are designing the well system that takes the water from the back of the dam and connects all wells to the tanks located in Arafat, Muzdalifah and Mina. Moreover, we want to build a museum to show the beauty of this project and its scientific aspect to the people, hajjis, local community and the people who come here as guests. You can see many beautiful things in this project. You can see the decoration, science, underground and surface qanat designs. Imagine the water coming from its source to your house for 40 miles via gravity.
Narrator
On the other hand, Dr. Usama Al Bar, the Mayor of Mecca, who asserted that the Zamzam has not dried up for thousands of years and will not dry up in the future, clarified a number of problems faced by Mecca. Usama Al Bar, emphasized that the population of Mecca reaches 4 million in Hajj seasons and they are determined to solve the problems such as the narrowness of the circumambulation area and the traffic jam, said, “In the past, 300 thousand people could perform their prayers in the Kaaba at the same time. We increased this number to one million thanks to the stories that we added. 2 million people will be able to perform their prayers at the same time thanks to the stories and the new courtyard that will be added to the circumambulation area.” Al Bar, who announced that construction vehicles would level the Omar Mountain after the end of the Hajj season, stated that the courtyard of the Kaaba would be enlarged by doing so. Will the Ottoman porticos, which constitute a work of art, be demolished during these extension operations within the Kaaba project? Time will tell.
Zekai Şen
If we ask, “What is Ayn al-Zubaidah?”, we can state that it is a marvel of thought in that period. Water wants to move in the ground, but it cannot move in the environments where there are a number of very small particles. What did they do? Let’s think about that. For instance, let’s say that a sewer excavation will be performed and pipes will be laid. First, we open a pit along the pipe route. Imagine a pit that spans over such distance. What do they aim to do by placing large rocks in the lower section of the pit? It is a sort of pipe today to move the groundwater comfortably in the ground. However, what happens to the water when the pipe cracks up due to a weak spot? The water is blocked by it. These are not like that. How long are they? These do not crack up. They are completely formed of rocks. Imagine a tunnel under the ground. That tunnel has sections for people to walk on. It was filled with large stones, blocks or pebbles in order for the water to flow. Naturally, it does not require any energy except for the gravitational energy. The water was brought to Mecca from the upper sections of the valleys around Ta’if.
Mehmet Ali Bulut
Mecca is a female… Although it seems masculine, it is actually a feminine city. It has a connection with three women. It is very interesting that there is a woman, Hazrat Hajar, in its foundation. Then, there is Zubaidah, the wife of the Harun al-Rashid, who came to city’s rescue for water with her individual facilities. She brought water. When this waterway deteriorated and water shortage began in Mecca again, another woman took the stage. Mihrimah Sultana, who was the daughter of Suleiman the Magnificent, brought water there.
Narrator
Zamzam, the birth of which was witnessed by Hazrat Hajar, was given a waterway in the Abbasid Period with the charity of Zubaidah. In the Ottoman Period, this waterway was renewed and it continued its service for the hajjis with the devotion of Mihrimah Sultana.
Samet Aykaç
This point that you see on our left side is a water channel known as Ayn al-Zubaidah that was built by Zubaidah, the wife of Harun al-Rashid, from a water source that was forty kilometers away from here in order to fulfill the water need of the hajjis using her own personal wealth without spending any money from the state treasury.
Narrator
Mecca has always been the focal point of the Islamic world that spans over five continents. The Ottoman Empire had expressed its wish to serve Haramayn even before the holy lands came under its rule. The Ottoman Empire performed important activities regarding the Zamzam and waterways for 400 years between 1517 and 1919 when it ruled over the Arabian Peninsula.
Mehmet Ali Bulut
Yavuz Sultan Selim wrote to Suleiman the Magnificent from Egypt. He said, “From now on, if a hajji is not able to arrive in the Kaaba after setting out from his house because of human intervention, the responsibility is on us.” The truth is hidden here. He says that it is their concern if anyone sets out from his house from any place in the world and cannot reach Mecca. He says that everyone must be able to arrive in Mecca. This is the philosophy.
Remzi Demirlikan
There are many facilities that survived up to our time and that can be listed among these services. The additions, maintenance and repair work, which were performed on Ayn al-Zubaidah, come first among these services. There are also water structures that were constructed in Jeddah, the first door for the hajjis who arrive in the Arabia and Hejaz by sea. Water is brought to Jeddah today from a water source that is called Ayn al-Wazir, the Vizier Water.
Narrator
The Ottoman Empire, with a mission to preserve what existed in the holy lands, renewed the channels, bridges and wells. They also repaired and cleaned the structures that were in unserviceable condition. Among these services, the ones that were related with the Zamzam and Ayn al-Zubaidah were performed at the time of Suleiman the Magnificent with the closeness felt by his daughter Mihrimah Sultan a towards the holy lands and Zubaidah.
Samet Aykaç
This water channel, which was renovated again by Mihrimah Sultana, the daughter of Suleiman the Magnificent, was lengthened from here up to Muzdalifah and even Mecca, and it was put at the disposal of the hajjis in this way.
Narrator
Sultan Selim of the Ottoman Empire had everything renewed in Haram. He had over 500 porticos (domes) built. The interior sections of the domes were decorated with Islamic art. On the other hand, Ottomans’ water and waterway services, which began with Mihrimah Sultana within four hundred years in which the Empire ruled over the holy lands, continued at intervals until the period of Abdülhamit Han.
Remzi Demirlikan
Abdülhamit Han had the first water treatment facility built in the 1900s for the hajjis and other people to reach water and not to be deprived of it. It was built using the latest technologies of the time. It was a pioneering facility in Arabia and the world. Today, the process is called desalination, that is to say, purification of the seawater. It is called tahriya in Arabic, and it means demineralization. The facility was put into service in 1904-1905.
Narrator
Zamzam, which has been offering cure to the Islamic world for 4 thousand years as a symbol of belief, brings another heritage from the past to our time with the traces of the Ottomans. The expression of the respect and love felt by the Ottoman Empire for the holy lands finds meaning with the rare works that were built for the Zamzam. This journey, which we have embarked for the holy water, will span from the Ottoman Empire to our time. The hearts, which come together in the Hajj journey, will find a voice with the cure of Zamzam and the unity of belief… The observations of the believers who went to the holy lands for Hajj and Umrah, and the effects of these lands on their lives will be a source of inspiration for those who will perform Hajj and Umrah, and shed light on their sacred journey.
One of the most important threats that await the world is aridity due to global warming and climate change. Just like every water source on earth, the conscience consumption of the Zamzam holds a great importance for the entire humankind. The mutual activities performed by the Islamic world for water consumption bring along the precautions that are taken for the Zamzam. The representatives of many national and international organizations such as World Health Organization, UNESCO and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation conduct serious studies regarding the strategic importance of water, water usage awareness, water culture and water vision.
Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu
We prepared a document by bringing together the ministers who are responsible for water from all Islamic countries and from 57 countries that are members of our organization. After a long technical preparation, this document was submitted to the ministers in their meeting, and ministers from 57 countries accepted it. Now, this water vision has determined the basic principles and parameters on how the cooperation regarding water will be established, how we will treat water and how the water must be protected and utilized in the best manner as a divine thing. Our wish is that the cooperation among the governments of the Islamic countries will reach concrete results around this water vision document…
Written by Dursun ÖZDEN
yoleriyapim@gmail.com