{"id":8255,"date":"2020-08-13T16:53:33","date_gmt":"2020-08-13T13:53:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/?p=8255"},"modified":"2020-10-16T13:19:03","modified_gmt":"2020-10-16T10:19:03","slug":"sunnetli-kadinlarin-isyani-arastirma","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/?p=8255","title":{"rendered":"S\u00fcnnetli Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n (FGM)  \u0130syan\u0131 (ara\u015ft\u0131rma)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>D\u00fcnyada 200 milyon s\u00fcnnetli kad\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Dursun \u00d6zden <\/strong>(Travel Writer, Documentarist)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yakla\u015f\u0131k 40 y\u0131ld\u0131r, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 gazeteci, gezi yazar\u0131 ve belgeselci olarak, gitti\u011fim co\u011frafyalarda, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n 99 haline tan\u0131kl\u0131k ettim. Medeniyetlerin zengin ve bereketi&nbsp; miras\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Anadolu topraklar\u0131n\u0131 ar\u015f\u0131nlad\u0131m. Hayat\u0131 ke\u015ffetme, bilinmeyeni \u00f6\u011frenme, ara\u015ft\u0131rma&nbsp; ve belgeleme merak\u0131m, beni yollara d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc. Okudum, gezdim, resimledim ve yazd\u0131m. Yar\u0131nlara eser b\u0131rakmam\u0131z i\u00e7in; bize sunulan \u015fu tek nefeslik \u00f6m\u00fcr diliminde; daha g\u00f6r\u00fcp \u00f6\u011frenece\u011fim \u00e7ok yer ve \u015fey var\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gitti\u011fim yerlerde, kaybolan etnik k\u00fclt\u00fcrler ve ya\u015fayan ilkel uygulama ve t\u00f6reler daha \u00e7ok ilgimi \u00e7ekiyor. \u00d6zellikle, Anakara (K\u0131ta) co\u011frafyalar\u0131nda pek \u00e7ok \u00fclkede, 5 bin y\u0131ld\u0131r hala s\u00fcren k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n s\u00fcnnet edilme gelenekine tan\u0131kl\u0131k etmem, beni en derinden sarsan olaylar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda geliyor\u2026&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mazlumlara yap\u0131lan bask\u0131lar, i\u015fkenceler, g\u00f6\u00e7ler, insano\u011flunun kendi neslini yok eden do\u011fa ve \u00e7evre felaketleri, sava\u015flar, ter\u00f6r, t\u00f6re, vah\u015fi s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc, adaletsiz gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, emek-sermaye \u00e7eli\u015fkisi gibi olaylar zincirine ek olarak bir de; \u00e7ocuk ve kad\u0131na \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131 giderek g\u00fcndemin ba\u015f\u0131na oturuyor. Bu gidi\u015fata kar\u015f\u0131, ba\u015fta madur kad\u0131nlar olmak \u00fczere, toplumun duyarl\u0131 her kesiminden \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc tepkiler art\u0131yor. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u00fcnyada 200 milyon kad\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcnnetli oldu\u011fu biliniyor. Bu say\u0131n\u0131n 150 milyonu \u0130slam \u00fclkelerindedir. Bu g\u00fcnlerde televizyon kanallar\u0131nda, kendini \u0130slam alemi s\u00f6zc\u00fcs\u00fc gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcp insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, hadis ile k\u00fclt\u00fcr ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yok sayan, kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti cinsel arzuyu art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle, kad\u0131na bask\u0131y\u0131 ve kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetini savunan <strong>Ebubekir Sifil<\/strong> ve <em>\u201cS\u00fcnnetsiz kad\u0131n fahi\u015fe olur\u201d<\/em> diye iddia eden, ilahiyat\u00e7\u0131 <strong>Prof. Dr. Cevat Ak\u015fit <\/strong>gibi \u00e7a\u011fd\u0131\u015f\u0131 tipler; bu canice uygulaman\u0131n \u0130slami ve inan\u00e7 boyutunu savunuyor. Oysa ki; k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n s\u00fcnnet edilmesinin \u0130slami bir \u015fart olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da bir ger\u00e7ektir\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Daha \u00f6nceki y\u0131llarda da k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n s\u00fcnnet edilmesine kar\u015f\u0131 tepkimi yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. G\u00fcney Asya, Arabistan Yar\u0131madas\u0131, \u0130ran, Suriye, Kuveyt, Umman, Yemen, Etiyopya, Ortado\u011fu, Afrika \u00fclkeleri, \u00f6zellikle Sudan, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu ve Kuzey Irak\u2019n\u0131n Lale\u015f Vadisine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m gezilerim sonras\u0131; konuyu g\u00fcndeme ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. \u015eimdilerde ise, kad\u0131na \u015fiddet ve \u00e7ocuk istismar\u0131 konusu tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. (AIDS-HIV) gibi pek \u00e7ok bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n da yay\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olan, hijyenik olmayan ko\u015fullarda ve iradeleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n s\u00fcnnet edilmesini yeniden tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7mak istedim. Anadolu\u2019nun baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde de uygulanan k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n s\u00fcnnet edilme gelenekini de an\u0131msatarak, kendi g\u00f6zlemlerim yan\u0131 s\u0131ra; uzmanlardan ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 baz\u0131 dostlardan edindi\u011fim bilgiler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, okurlar\u0131m\u0131 bilgilendirmek istedim. Yeniden\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye, kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetinin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 33 \u00fclke aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131yor mu? Avrupa Parlamentosu\u2019nda g\u00fcndeme gelen T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de k\u0131zlara s\u00fcnnet sorusu, kafalar\u0131 kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bas\u0131na konuyu de\u011ferlendiren Kad\u0131n\u0131n \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Yeni \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcmler Derne\u011fi Kurucusu P\u0131nar \u0130lkkaracan&#8217;\u0131n yorumu \u015f\u00f6yle: &#8220;Avrupa Parlamentosu&#8217;na g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kad\u0131nlar\u0131n hali o kadar k\u00f6t\u00fc ki, bu da vard\u0131r, kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti de vard\u0131r, diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlar&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130ngiliz Parlamenter Robert Kilroy-Silk&#8217;in Avrupa Parlamentosu\u2019nda, &#8220;T\u00f6re cinayetini durduramayan T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;ye, AB&#8217;ye giremeyece\u011fi bildirildi mi?&#8221;, &#8220;K\u0131zlar\u0131n s\u00fcnnet edilmedi\u011fini kesin bir \u015fekilde kan\u0131tlayamayan T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;ye AB&#8217;ye giremeyece\u011fi bildirildi mi?&#8221; sorular\u0131n\u0131 sormas\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti var m\u0131, yok mu tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirdi.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>BM T\u00fcrkiye N\u00fcfus Fonu Toplumsal Cinsiyet Program\u0131 Koordinat\u00f6r\u00fc Meltem A\u011fduk da, \u015fimdiye kadar kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti \u00f6rne\u011fiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;Aile i\u00e7i \u015fiddet ve namus cinayetleri bizim i\u00e7in daha ger\u00e7ek sorunlar. \u00d6nceliklerimiz bunlar. Kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti ile ilgili somut bir \u00f6rnekle \u015fimdiye kadar kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131. BM N\u00fcfus Fonu&#8217;nun Mart 2008&#8217;de kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetinin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kampanya da T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;yi g\u00fcndemine almad\u0131.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>200 M\u0130LYON S\u00dcNNETL\u0130 KADIN<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2008 y\u0131l\u0131 Mart ay\u0131nda, aralar\u0131nda BM Kalk\u0131nma Program\u0131 (UNDP) UNESCO, UNICEF ve D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn (WHO) de bulundu\u011fu BM\u2019ye ba\u011fl\u0131 10 kurum, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerinde yayg\u0131n olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen ve sa\u011fl\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan son derece riskli olan \u201ckad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti\u201d uygulamas\u0131na art\u0131k son verilmesi \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda bulunmu\u015flard\u0131.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>K\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131nda cinsel organlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n ya da tamam\u0131n\u0131n kesilmesi \u015feklinde olan \u201ckad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetine\u201d kar\u015f\u0131 birlik \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda bulunan BM kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle Asya, Orta Do\u011fu ve Afrika\u2019da 140 milyon kad\u0131na s\u00fcnnet yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtilmi\u015fti.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cBM Biny\u0131l Kalk\u0131nma Hedefleri\u201d do\u011frultusunda kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti vakalar\u0131n\u0131n 2015 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar t\u00fcmden ortadan kalkmas\u0131n\u0131 hedefleyen Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler, 3 milyon k\u0131z\u0131n s\u00fcnnet tehlikesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>33 \u00dcLKEDE KADINLAR S\u00dcNNET ED\u0130L\u0130YOR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><br>Sudan, Somali ve Eritre ba\u015fta, Kuzey ve Orta Afrika\u2019da yakla\u015f\u0131k 30 \u00fclkede kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti uygulan\u0131yor. Bu b\u00f6lgedeki kad\u0131nlar\u0131n %72-99\u2019u s\u00fcnnetli. Latin Amerika, Ortado\u011fu ve Hindistan\u2019da baz\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman topluluklarda yayg\u0131n. Kuzey Irak\u2019ta da kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019DE KADINLARIN HAL\u0130 O KADAR K\u00d6T\u00dc K\u0130 KADIN S\u00dcNNET\u0130 DE VARDIR D\u0130YE D\u00dc\u015e\u00dcN\u00dcYORLAR&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kad\u0131n\u0131n \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Yeni \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcmler Derne\u011fi Kurucusu P\u0131nar \u0130lkkaracan,&nbsp;&nbsp;Avrupa Parlamentosu&#8217;ndaki s\u00fcnnet tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle de\u011ferlendirdi:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;Burada daha \u00f6nemli olan konular var. Evet, kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti yok ama namus cinayeti var. AB\u2019de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki kad\u0131nlar\u0131n durumunu o kadar k\u00f6t\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor ki, art\u0131k s\u00fcnneti de katt\u0131lar. Genel kan\u0131 g\u00f6re, &#8216;T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kad\u0131nlar\u0131n hali o kadar k\u00f6t\u00fc ki, bu da vard\u0131r, kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti de vard\u0131r&#8217; diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130ngiliz Parlamenter Robert Kilroy-Silk&#8217;in giri\u015fimini \u015funa ba\u011flamak l\u00e2z\u0131m: Ben Avrupa\u2019da da ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m i\u00e7in i\u00e7erden biliyorum; bu kad\u0131n meselesi, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki kad\u0131nlar\u0131n e\u015fit olmamas\u0131 meselesi, Avrupa Parlamentosu\u2019nun T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir numaral\u0131 konu. \u0130nsan haklar\u0131 falan konu\u015fuluyor ama halk\u0131n en \u00e7ok tepkisini \u00e7eken, halk\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 da sa\u011flayan en pop\u00fclist s\u00f6ylem bu. &#8216;T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kad\u0131nlar e\u015fit de\u011fil ve \u015fiddet g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlar. Ve H\u00fck\u00fcmet bir \u015fey yapm\u0131yor&#8217; s\u00f6yleminin bir sonucu bu.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Namus cinayetleri T\u00fcrkiye aleyhine korkun\u00e7 derecede kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki kad\u0131nlar\u0131n i\u015f hayat\u0131nda olmamalar\u0131, \u015fiddetin yayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131, kad\u0131n s\u0131\u011f\u0131naklar\u0131n\u0131n olmamas\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin aleyhine kullan\u0131l\u0131yor.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti eski, \u0130slam \u00f6ncesi bir gelenek. Asl\u0131nda biliyoruz ki Afrika \u00fclkelerindeki Yahudiler, Museviler ve Hristiyanlar&#8217;da da g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Son d\u00f6nemde \u015f\u00f6yle korkun\u00e7 bir \u015fey oldu: Baz\u0131 \u0130slamc\u0131 liderler daha \u00f6nce olmayan Afrika \u00fclkelerinde bile bunun \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n bir \u015fart\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorlar. Senegal\u2019de, Gambia&#8217;da durum feci. Tesad\u00fcf ben bu konuyu orada \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, Gambia Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 televizyona \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve resmen, &#8216;Kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n gere\u011fidir. B\u00fct\u00fcn Gambial\u0131 kad\u0131nlar bundan sonra s\u00fcnnet olacaklar&#8217; dedi. Senegal\u2019de s\u00fcnnetin yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlere bile yay\u0131ld\u0131. &#8220;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>EN FEC\u0130 \u00d6NLEM&#8230;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>P\u0131nar \u0130lkkaracan&#8217;\u0131n &#8220;M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Toplumlarda Kad\u0131n ve Cinsellik&#8221; kitab\u0131nda yer alan Nahid Toubia&#8217;n\u0131n makalesi kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetiyle ilgili ger\u00e7eklere \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutuyor. (*)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>&#8220;Neredeyse b\u00fct\u00fcn toplumlar kad\u0131nlar\u0131 bir \u015fekilde boyunduruk alt\u0131na al\u0131yorsa da, KGM (kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti) herhangi bir toplum traf\u0131ndan, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n cinselli\u011fini ve \u00fcremesini kontrol etmek i\u00e7in al\u0131nan en feci \u00f6nlemdir&#8221; diyen Toubia, &#8220;Kad\u0131n Genital M\u00fctilasyonu (KGM) Nedir?\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makalesinde kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti ile erkek s\u00fcnnetinin farklar\u0131na ve k\u00f6kenlerine dair \u015fu bilgilere yer veriyor:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kad\u0131n genital mutilasyonu, kad\u0131n genital organlar\u0131n\u0131n kesilmesini i\u00e7eren bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 geleneksel uygulamaya verilen isimdir. Bu metinde, KGM terimi, klitorisin ucunun y\u0131kanmas\u0131, bir i\u011fneyle delinmesi ya da s\u00fcnnet derisini ay\u0131rma ve temizlemeyi i\u00e7erebilen genital rit\u00fcellerin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck formlar\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. KGM ile, sadece, cinsel organlar\u0131n kesildi\u011fi ve \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 rit\u00fcel pratikler kastedilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4-8 YA\u015eLARINDA\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Baz\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerde k\u0131zlara s\u00fcnnet, bebeklik d\u00f6nemi kadar erken ya\u015flarda uygulan\u0131rken, baz\u0131lar\u0131nda, k\u0131z evlenecek ya\u015fa (a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 14-16 ya\u015f aras\u0131) gelene dek uygulanmaz. En yayg\u0131n haliyle, KGM; k\u0131zlara 4-8 ya\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, kendilerinden kad\u0131n olarak beklenilen toplumsal rol\u00fcn ay\u0131rd\u0131na varabilecekleri ya\u015flarda uygulan\u0131r.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>KADIN S\u00dcNNET\u0130 ERKEK S\u00dcNNET\u0130NDEN FARKLI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>KGM&#8217;nin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fi toplumlarda, bu uygulamaya &#8220;kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti&#8221; denir. Ancak bu terim, sakat b\u0131rakan bir uygulama olmayan erkek s\u00fcnnetiyle bir benzerlik de ima eder. Oysa b\u00f6yle bir durum s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir. Erkek s\u00fcnneti, organ\u0131n kendisine zarar vermeden, penisin ucundan s\u00fcnnet derisini kesip \u00e7\u0131karma i\u015flemidir. Kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetinde, kesme derecesi, anotomik olarak \u00e7ok daha fazlad\u0131r.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>EN \u00c7OK AFR\u0130KA&#8217;DA VE AFR\u0130KA K\u00dcLT\u00dcR\u00dcNDEN ETK\u0130LENM\u0130\u015e \u00dcLKELERDE G\u00d6R\u00dcL\u00dcYOR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kad\u0131n Genital M\u00fctilasyonu (s\u00fcnneti), en \u00e7ok Afrika&#8217;da ve Afrika k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnden etkilenmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. KGM&#8217;nin Afrika&#8217;da \u0130slam&#8217;dan \u00f6nce uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u015f\u00fcphe yoktur. \u0130slam Afrika&#8217;ya geldi\u011finde, yeni din de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f olan ve KGM prati\u011fini devam ettirmek isteyen liderlerin, bunu \u0130slam&#8217;la ili\u015fkilendirmi\u015f olmas\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir olas\u0131l\u0131kt\u0131r. Zaman i\u00e7inde bu \u00fclkelerdeki M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n zihinlerinde KGM&#8217;nin \u0130slam&#8217;\u0131n bir gere\u011fi oldu\u011funa dair bir inan\u00e7 olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kad\u0131n genital m\u00fctilasyonunu dinsel bir \u015fart olarak g\u00f6steren hi\u00e7bir \u00f6nemli \u0130slam&#8217;i kaynak yoktur. Ne \u0130slam hukuku i\u00e7in temel kaynak olan Kuran&#8217;da ne de hadislerde, KGM&#8217;ye y\u00f6nelik do\u011frudan bir \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kuran&#8217;da KGM i\u00e7in belirli bir \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, bu i\u015flem, Suudi Arabistan, Irak, K\u00f6rfez \u00fclkeleri, Kuveyt, Cezayir ve Pakistan gibi \u0130slam \u00fclkelerinde uygulanmamaktad\u0131r.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>(*) Nahid Toubia<\/em><\/strong><em>: Sudan&#8217;\u0131n ilk kad\u0131n cerrah\u0131. Afrika ve Ortado\u011fu&#8217;da \u00fcreme sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, kad\u0131n haklar\u0131 ve toplumsal cinsiyet e\u015fitsizli\u011fi konular\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da eseri bulunuyor. Colombia \u00dcniversitesi Kamu Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc&#8217;nde \u00f6\u011fretim eleman\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rev yap\u0131yor.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kad\u0131n S\u00fcnneti Hakk\u0131nda Bilmeniz Gerekenler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1-<\/strong> Ataerkil ve toplumsal cinsiyet kad\u0131nlar\u0131 ve bu normlara uymayan bireyleri bir\u00e7ok \u015fekilde bask\u0131l\u0131yor. Her g\u00fcn haberleri inceledi\u011fimizde mutlaka kad\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u015fiddet i\u00e7eren haberler bulmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn; dayak, \u00f6l\u00fcm, yaralama, psikolojik \u015fiddet ve daha niceleri. Bu bask\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6yle bir \u00e7e\u015fidi var ki adeta Orta \u00c7a\u011f \u00f6ncesinden (zaman\u0131m\u0131zdan 5 bin y\u0131l) kalma bir i\u015fkence bi\u00e7imi. \u0130\u015fte kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti hakk\u0131nda bilmeniz gereken her \u015fey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2- Kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti t\u0131bbi gerek\u00e7eler ve zorunluluklar olmaks\u0131z\u0131n, Vajinan\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n ya da t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn al\u0131nmas\u0131d\u0131r. Kad\u0131nlar ve k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 i\u00e7in uluslararas\u0131 kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f \u00e7ok ciddi bir insan haklar\u0131 ihlalidir. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler, D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc ve \u00e7e\u015fitli devletler taraf\u0131ndan genital sakatlama olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3- <\/strong>D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (WHO) verilerine g\u00f6re, 200 milyondan fazla k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011fu ve kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnet edilmi\u015f durumda. \u0130nan\u00e7, t\u00f6re ve cehaletin kurban\u0131 olan s\u00fcnnetli kad\u0131nlar, bir an \u00f6nce bu vah\u015fetten kurtulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kad\u0131na \u015fiddettin tart\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, as\u0131l \u015fiddetin bu oldu\u011fu da g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4- Afrika ve Ortado\u011fu&#8217;da hayli yayg\u0131n bir uygulama<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Afrika ve Ortado\u011fu&#8217;da 29 \u00fclkede yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re s\u00fcnnet edilen kad\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n en y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu \u00fclkeler s\u0131ras\u0131yla M\u0131s\u0131r, Etiyopya, Nijerya, Sudan ve Kenya ile Burkina Faso. Kuzey Irak, Somali\u2019deki kad\u0131n ve k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n ise y\u00fczde 98&#8217;i s\u00fcnnet edilmi\u015f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5- Bat\u0131n\u0131n tarihi de temiz de\u011fil<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ABD&#8217;de kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti 1996 y\u0131l\u0131nda yasakland\u0131. Buna ra\u011fmen kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti konusunda herhangi bir adli tatbikat yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, \u015fu ana kadar bu su\u00e7u i\u015fleyen sadece bir ki\u015fiye dava a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130ngiltere&#8217;de her y\u0131l etnik az\u0131nl\u0131k gruplardan binlerce gen\u00e7 k\u0131z kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetine maruz kal\u0131yor. Bir\u00e7ok Avrupa \u00fclkesi gibi \u0130ngiltere&#8217;de de bu uygulama yakla\u015f\u0131k 30 y\u0131l \u00f6nce yasakland\u0131. Ancak bug\u00fcne kadar Kad\u0131n S\u00fcnneti Yasas\u0131 uyar\u0131nca tek bir yarg\u0131lama bile yap\u0131lmad\u0131. \u0130ngiltere&#8217;de kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetinin hala bir\u00e7ok toplumda devam etti\u011fi biliniyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6- Peki neden?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Toplumda kabul g\u00f6rme uygulaman\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclen en yayg\u0131n gerek\u00e7e. Hijyen, daha iyi bir evlilik ihtimali, bekareti korumak, dini gereklilik ise di\u011fer nedenler aras\u0131nda. Uygulama \u00e7o\u011funlukla M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarda g\u00f6r\u00fclmekle birlikte di\u011fer dinlerde de yap\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>7-<\/strong> Kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti, kad\u0131n\u0131n cinsel organ\u0131n\u0131n dikilmesi veya tamamen sinirsel yo\u011funlu\u011fun fazla olan k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n kesilmesi ve bir bak\u0131ma kad\u0131n\u0131n cinsel olarak hazz\u0131n\u0131n yok edilmesi i\u015flemi olarak tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r. Kad\u0131n\u0131n cinsel organ\u0131n\u0131n dikilmesine y\u00f6nelik s\u00fcnnet y\u00f6nteminde kad\u0131n\u0131n sadakatinin g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 ama\u00e7lanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>8- Son derece sa\u011fl\u0131ks\u0131z bir uygulama<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetlerinin bilinen hi\u00e7bir t\u0131bbi yarar\u0131 yok, \u00fcstelik ciddi sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131na sebep olmakta. S\u00fcnnetler \u00e7o\u011funlukla ilkel metodlarla, baz\u0131 yerlerde ise hastanelerde yap\u0131lmakta. Pek \u00e7ok seferinde aletlerin tek kullan\u0131ml\u0131k olmamas\u0131 AIDS ve sar\u0131l\u0131k gibi hastal\u0131klar\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131na sebep oluyor. Kad\u0131nlar enfeksiyon kapabiliyor ve hatta idrar yollar\u0131 ve yumurtal\u0131klar\u0131 iltihaplan\u0131yor. S\u00fcnnetler esnas\u0131nda kan kayb\u0131ndan \u00f6len kad\u0131nlara da rastlan\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>9- Psikolojik olarak da \u00e7ok tahrip edici.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetinin fiziksel etkileri kadar psikolojik etkileri de var elbette. B\u00f6yle bir uygulamaya maruz b\u0131rak\u0131lan kad\u0131nlar, cezaland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve ailelerinin ihanetine u\u011frad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebiliyorlar. Nitekim zaten, kad\u0131n\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131na almak ve cinsel a\u00e7\u0131dan etkisiz hale getirmek i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan bu uygulama, tam olarak bir cezaland\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemi. Hayatlar\u0131na \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir travma olarak kaz\u0131nan bu olay sonras\u0131 kad\u0131nlarda, uykusuzluk, kendine g\u00fcvensizlik, i\u015ftahs\u0131zl\u0131k veya a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yeme davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile birlikte, S\u0131n\u0131rda Ki\u015filik Bozuklu\u011fu ve \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu s\u00fcren panik ataklar g\u00f6r\u00fclebiliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetinin en yayg\u0131n oldu\u011fu \u00fclkelerden biri olan Nijerya&#8217;da, kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz ay yasakland\u0131. Bu her ne kadar umut vaat edici bir hamle olsa da aktivistler engelleyeci mekanizmalar konulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece yasal olmayan yollarla kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetinin devam edece\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>10- <\/strong>WHO ve UNICEF&#8217;in en son yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 (2019) kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti raporuna g\u00f6re d\u00fcnyan\u0131n genelinde 200 milyondan fazla k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011fu ve kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnet edilmi\u015f durumda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>K\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n S\u00fcnnet Edilmesine \u0130slami Yorum<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Baz\u0131 toplumlarda, k\u0131zlar da erkekler gibi s\u00fcnnet edilirler. Daha \u00e7ok gizli olarak icra edilen bu s\u00fcnnet M\u0131s\u0131r, Arabistan ve Cava&#8217;da ya\u015fayan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda halen mevcuttur. Bu toplumlarda \u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesi de s\u00fcnnetin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. \u0130sl\u00e2miyet&#8217;in zuhuruyla \u0130sl\u00e2mi bir anlam kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131 dikkate al\u0131n\u0131rsa, bu durum az\u0131nl\u0131kta kalan yerel bir \u00e2det olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr (A.J. Wensinck, Hiton, IA, VlI\/543). (*)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Klitoris \u00fczerindeki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir par\u00e7an\u0131n kesilmesi olan, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n s\u00fcnneti ,rivayete g\u00f6re Hz. \u0130brahim (as) zaman\u0131ndan kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve ilk s\u00fcnnet olan han\u0131m Hz. Hacer&#8217;dir (Taberi, Milletler ve H\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar Tarihi, \u00e7ev. Z. K. U\u011fan, Ankara 1954, I\/371).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hz. Peygamber (asm), <strong>&#8220;S\u00fcnnet (h\u0131tan), erkeklere s\u00fcnnet, kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in fazilettir.&#8221; <\/strong>(Ahmed b. Hanbel, V\/75; Ebu Davud Edeb, 167; el-Fethu&#8217;r-Rabb\u00e2n\u00ee, XVII\/1312)\u2019de buyurur.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu s\u00fcnnet, <strong>Ebu Hanife ve \u0130mam Malik&#8217;e g\u00f6re<\/strong> mutlak s\u00fcnnet, <strong>Ahmed b. Hanbel&#8217;e g\u00f6re<\/strong> erke\u011fe vacib, han\u0131mlar i\u00e7in s\u00fcnnettir. <strong>\u015eafi\u00ee <\/strong>erkek ve kad\u0131n aras\u0131nda vuc\u00fbb bak\u0131mdan bir fark g\u00f6rmemi\u015ftir (el-Fethu&#8217;r-Rabban\u00ee, XVII\/1312).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c7o\u011funlu\u011fu Hanefi olan T\u00fcrklerde kad\u0131nlar s\u00fcnnet edilmezler. Ebu&#8217;s-Suud Efendi kendisine y\u00f6neltilen;<em> &#8220;Diyar-\u0131 Arap&#8217;da avratlar\u0131 s\u00fcnnet ederler. Bu fiil s\u00fcnnet midir?&#8221; <\/em>sorusuna<em> &#8220;el-Cevap: M\u00fcstehapt\u0131r.&#8221; <\/em>\u015feklinde cevap vermi\u015ftir (M. Ertu\u011frul D\u00fczda\u011f, \u015eerhul-\u0130slam Ebu&#8217;s-Suud Efendi Fetvalar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 1972, s. 35).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n s\u00fcnnet edilmesi konusunda \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00e2limleri farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir. <\/strong>Bir k\u0131sm\u0131, Ma\u015fr\u0131k kad\u0131nlar\u0131 ile Ma\u011frib kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n fizyolojik bak\u0131mdan farkl\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131 kabul ederek Ma\u015fr\u0131k kad\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki yarad\u0131l\u0131\u015ftan gelen fazlal\u0131k sebebiyle, s\u00fcnnetle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc olduklar\u0131na, \u00f6b\u00fcrlerinde ise b\u00f6yle bir fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131n bulunmay\u0131\u015f\u0131 sebebiyle s\u00fcnnetle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc olmad\u0131klar\u0131na h\u00fckmetmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rivayetler Hz. Peygamber (aleyhissal\u00e2tu vessel\u00e2m) zaman\u0131nda, bizzat Medine&#8217;de, k\u0131zlar\u0131n s\u00fcnnet edildi\u011fini ve s\u00fcnnet etmeyi kendilerine meslek edinmi\u015f kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bile bulundu\u011funu if\u00e2de etmektedir. Hz. Peygamber (aleyhissal\u00e2tu vessel\u00e2m)&#8217;in k\u0131zlar\u0131n s\u00fcnnet edilmeleriyle ilgili olarak sa\u011fl\u0131\u011fa uygun bir tarzda olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in t\u00e2lim\u00e2t verdi\u011fini de \u00f6\u011frenmekteyiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Eb\u00fb Dav\u00fbd&#8217;un rivayeti \u015f\u00f6yle:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;Medine&#8217;de bir kad\u0131n (ki ismi \u00dcmm\u00fc Atiyye&#8217;dir) k\u0131zlar\u0131 s\u00fcnnet ediyordu. Hz. Peygamber (aleyhissal\u00e2tu vessel\u00e2m) ona: &#8216;Fazla derin kesme, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc derin kesmemen, hem kad\u0131n i\u00e7in ahz\u00e2 (en ziy\u00e2de haz ve lezzet ves\u00eelesi) hem de kocas\u0131 i\u00e7in daha ho\u015ftur&#8217; der.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hz. Ali (ra)&#8217;den gelen bir rivayette s\u00fcnnetci kad\u0131na Hz. Peygamber (aleyhissal\u00e2tu vessel\u00e2m)&#8217;in birisini yollayarak (\u00e7a\u011f\u0131rtt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131) ve &#8220;S\u00fcnnet etti\u011fin zaman \u00fcstten hafif\u00e7e kes, fazla dipten kesme&#8230;&#8221; dedi\u011fini \u00f6\u011freniyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u00fcn\u00e2vi, bu hadisi \u015ferh ederken, kad\u0131nlardaki s\u00fcnnet mahallinin derin kesilmesi h\u00e2linde, kad\u0131n\u0131n cins\u00ee arzusunun s\u00f6nece\u011fi, bu nedenle de kocas\u0131 ile cinsel ili\u015fkiden nefret edebilece\u011fini belirtir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu a\u00e7\u0131klamalardan, k\u0131zlar\u0131n s\u00fcnnet edilmesinin biyolojik yap\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015febilece\u011fini, e\u011fer fazlal\u0131k varsa al\u0131nmas\u0131 daha uygun ise de, al\u0131nmamas\u0131nda da dini bir sak\u0131nca olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>(*) Feyyaz Bilim ve Geli\u015fim Derne\u011fi<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kad\u0131n S\u00fcnneti (Geleneksel \u0130\u015fkence)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kad\u0131n S\u00fcnneti yani klitorisin (b\u0131z\u0131r) kesilmesi (Klitoridektomi), Kad\u0131n Cinsel Sakatlamalar\u0131n\u0131n en yayg\u0131n y\u00f6ntemidir\u2026 Kad\u0131n S\u00fcnneti yani klitorisin (b\u0131z\u0131r) kesilmesi (Klitoridektomi), Kad\u0131n Cinsel Sakatlamalar\u0131n\u0131n en yayg\u0131n y\u00f6ntemidir. Bu s\u00fcnnet&#8217;ten \u00e7ok penisektomi ( yani erkekte penisin kesilmesi) ile \u00f6zde\u015ftir ve e\u015f anlaml\u0131d\u0131r. Erkek s\u00fcnneti, penisi \u00f6rten koruyucu derinin kesilmesini i\u00e7erir, ama penise zarar vermez . Kad\u0131nda yap\u0131lan s\u00fcnnet ise en hafifi klitorisin b\u0131z\u0131r, kesilmesi (Klitoridektomi) olup ama\u00e7, kad\u0131nda cinsel zevk organ\u0131 olan klitorisi tahrip ederek bekareti korumak, kad\u0131n\u0131n cinselli\u011fini ve cinsel duygular\u0131n\u0131 engellemek olup bir \u00e7ok istenmeyen t\u0131bbi komplikasyonlara risklere hatta \u00f6l\u00fcme dahi sebep olabilmektedir. \u00dclkemizde uygulanmayan ve geleneklerimizde kesinlikle olmayan bu s\u00fcnnet tipi daha \u00e7ok Afrika \u00fclkelerinde yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kad\u0131n S\u00fcnneti Hangi \u00dclkelerde Uygulanmaktad\u0131r?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler (BM), her y\u0131l \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu Afrika ve Ortado\u011fu \u00fclkelerinde olmak \u00fczere 3 milyon kad\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcnnet edildi\u011fini, \u00f6l\u00fcm riski ta\u015f\u0131yan bu gelene\u011fin h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin desteklemesi durumunda bir ku\u015fak i\u00e7inde terk edilebilece\u011fini duyurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>UNICEF taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131mlanan raporda, verilerin daha iyi toplanmas\u0131 sonucunda, dini de\u011fil, geleneksel bir uygulama olan kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetinin, san\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan daha yayg\u0131n oldu\u011funun ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtildi. Konunun hassasiyeti nedeniyle kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti nedeniyle ka\u00e7 kad\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn tespit ve tahmin edilemedi\u011fi kaydedildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Afrika&#8217;da Sahra Alt\u0131 b\u00f6lgesi ve Ortado\u011fu&#8217;daki 28 \u00fclkede \u015fimdiye kadar 128 milyon kad\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcnnet edildi\u011fi belirtilen raporda, her y\u0131l s\u00fcnnet edildi\u011fi tahmin edilen 3 milyon kad\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n M\u0131s\u0131r ve Etiyopya&#8217;da ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bildirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kad\u0131ndaki S\u00fcnnet Ne \u015eekilde Yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. De\u011fi\u015fik Formlardaki Kad\u0131n&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>S\u00fcnneti Nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Genellikle ilkel ve geleneksel ko\u015fullarda yap\u0131lan bu s\u00fcnnet bir \u00e7e\u015fit operasyon olup de\u011fi\u015fik \u00fclkelerde farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde uygulanmaktad\u0131r. Amac\u0131 kad\u0131n\u0131n ve gen\u00e7 k\u0131zlar\u0131n cinselli\u011fi olduk\u00e7a ge\u00e7 ke\u015ffetmelerini ama\u00e7layan ve bekareti korumaya y\u00f6nelik olan bu i\u015flem olu\u015fturdu\u011fu t\u0131bbi riskler ve toplumsal \u015fikayetlerden dolay\u0131 bir \u00e7ok \u00fclkede yasaklanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetini s\u0131n\u0131flamak amac\u0131yla bu giri\u015fimleri de\u011fi\u015fik guruplara ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tip I (Sunna) veya s\u00fcnnet&#8217;de sadece klitorisin (b\u0131z\u0131r) bir k\u0131sm\u0131 veya tamam\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r. Tip II (Eksizyon)&#8217;de klitorisin tamam\u0131 ile labia min\u00f6r\u00fcn bir k\u0131sm\u0131 veya tamam\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r. Tip III&#8217; (inf\u00eebulation) de klitorisin tamam\u0131 ile labia min\u00f6r\u00fcn bir k\u0131sm\u0131 veya tamam\u0131 ve labia maj\u00f6r\u00fcn medial k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r ve kalan insizyon kenarlar\u0131 tamam\u0131n\u0131 kapsayacak \u015fekilde kapat\u0131l\u0131rken idrar ile menstr\u00fcel kan ak\u0131m\u0131m sa\u011flayacak k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir delik olu\u015fturulur. Bu en son ve en a\u011fr\u0131 olan tip yayg\u0131n olarak Somali&#8217;de uygulanan bir k\u0131z s\u00fcnneti olup, b\u0131z\u0131r (klitoris), k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve b\u00fcy\u00fck dudaklar kesilip al\u0131nmakta, idrar ve kanama a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kalacak \u015fekilde dikilip, bacaklar aylarca ba\u011fl\u0131 tutularak yaran\u0131n iyile\u015fmesi beklenmektedir. Firavun s\u00fcnneti de denilen bu i\u015flem, bekaretin en kesin garantisi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmekte olup \u00e7ok ciddi t\u0131bbi sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furabilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti resimleri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da s\u0131ras\u0131yla en basitinden en komplike olan kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti&#8217;ne g\u00f6re verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kad\u0131nlarda yap\u0131lan S\u00fcnnet \u0130\u015flemi Hangi Ya\u015flarda Uygulanmaktad\u0131r?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u015eimdiye kadar toplanan bilgilere g\u00f6re, k\u0131zlar daha \u00e7ok 4 ile 12 ya\u015f aras\u0131nda s\u00fcnnet edilmektedirler. D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc&#8217;ne g\u00f6re bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada, bu en a\u011f\u0131r bi\u00e7imi dahil, 100 ile 140 milyon aras\u0131nda k\u0131z s\u00fcnnet edilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kad\u0131n (K\u0131z) S\u00fcnnetinin T\u0131bbi Risk Ve Komplikasyonlar\u0131 Nelerdir?<br><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Erken D\u00f6nem Riskler ve Komplikasyonlar:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Kanama<\/li><li>Cerrahi travma<\/li><li>A\u011fr\u0131 veya kanamaya ba\u011fl\u0131 \u015fok<\/li><li>Enfeksiyon ve doku kayb\u0131 , nekroz<\/li><li>Opersyon s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00fcretra ve an\u00fcs\u00fcn zarar g\u00f6rmesi<\/li><li>HIV\/A\u0130DS ve di\u011fer vir\u00fcsler ile birlikte tetanoz dahil \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl enfeksiyonlar<\/li><li>\u00d6l\u00fcm<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ge\u00e7 D\u00f6nem Riskler ve Komplikasyonlar:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Ameliyat edilmi\u015f dokuda skar olu\u015fmas\u0131<\/li><li>\u0130drar yapmada ve adet kan\u0131n\u0131n akmas\u0131nda zorluk<\/li><li>Cinsel arzunun azalmas\u0131 veya tamamen kaybolmas\u0131<\/li><li>A\u011fr\u0131l\u0131 cinsel ili\u015fki veya cinsel ili\u015fkiye hi\u00e7 girememe<\/li><li>Zor veya a\u011fr\u0131l\u0131 normal do\u011fum\u2026<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sudan\u2019da kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti yasakland\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>UNICEF raporlar\u0131na g\u00f6re,<\/strong> Sudan&#8217;da ya\u015flar\u0131 15 ile 49 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen her 10 kad\u0131ndan 9&#8217;u s\u00fcnnet ediliyor. Bunun \u00fczerine &#8220;Sudan kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti nedir?&#8221; Sorusu ak\u0131llara tak\u0131ld\u0131. Yak\u0131n zamanda da kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti, yeni Sudan H\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan yasakland\u0131. Sudan kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti nas\u0131l yap\u0131l\u0131yordu? \u0130\u015fte t\u00fcm ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131klamada, bakanlar kurulunun kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetini de su\u00e7 kapsam\u0131na alan \u00f6zel bir madde ile Ceza Kanunu&#8217;nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin memnuniyetle kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler \u00c7ocuklara Yard\u0131m Fonu (UNICEF) <\/strong>de fiziki ve zihinsel a\u00e7\u0131dan ciddi sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furan ve Sudan&#8217;da yayg\u0131n olarak uygulanan kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetinin su\u00e7 kapsam\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir karar olarak de\u011ferlendirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>UNICEF raporlar\u0131na g\u00f6re, Sudan&#8217;da ya\u015flar\u0131 15 ile 49 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen her 10 kad\u0131ndan 9&#8217;u s\u00fcnnet ediliyor. Bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede insan haklar\u0131 ihlali olarak de\u011ferlendirilen kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti, BM&#8217;ye g\u00f6re 31 \u00fclkede varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korurken, \u015fu an hayattaki 200 milyona yak\u0131n k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011fu ve kad\u0131n bu uygulamaya maruz kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00d6zellikle Sahraalt\u0131 Afrika&#8217;da yo\u011funla\u015fan kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti, Orta Do\u011fu ve Asya&#8217;da bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede yasaklanmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen hala uygulanmaya devam ediyor. Kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti, dini, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve toplumsal nedenlerle d\u00fcnya genelinde farkl\u0131 din ve toplumlar\u0131n mensuplar\u0131nca uygulan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>SUDAN\u2019DA KADIN S\u00dcNNET\u0130 NED\u0130R?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n vajinalar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f dudaklar\u0131n\u0131n ve genellikle klitorisin de kesilip al\u0131nmas\u0131 \u015feklindeki &#8216;s\u00fcnnet&#8217; Sudan&#8217;da yayg\u0131n olarak uygulan\u0131yor. Kad\u0131n\u0131n cinsel organlar\u0131na yap\u0131lan bu m\u00fcdahale idrar yollar\u0131, b\u00f6brek ve rahim-yumurtal\u0131k enfeksiyonlar\u0131, kistler ve do\u011furganl\u0131kla ilgili s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lara yol a\u00e7mas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131s\u0131ra vajinal cinsel ili\u015fkiyi kad\u0131n i\u00e7in \u00e7ok ac\u0131l\u0131 bir hale getiriyor. Ergen k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na s\u00fcnnet yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n gerisinde &#8220;itibar ve evlilik \u015fans\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rma&#8221; gibi baz\u0131 de\u011fer yarg\u0131lar\u0131 yat\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sudan&#8217;\u0131n ge\u00e7ici h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetini de su\u00e7 kapsam\u0131na alan \u00f6zel bir madde ile Ceza Kanunu&#8217;nda de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapt\u0131. Kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti yapanlar\u0131n 3 y\u0131l hapis ve para cezas\u0131 almas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren Ceza Kanunu&#8217;nun 141. maddesinde yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fiklik &nbsp;onayland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ceza kanununda yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fiklikle, kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti yapan ki\u015filer bunu t\u0131bbi bir kurum i\u00e7erisinde ya da ba\u015fka bir yerde yap\u0131p yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na bak\u0131lmadan \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l hapis ve para cezas\u0131yla cezaland\u0131r\u0131lacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler \u00c7ocuklara Yard\u0131m Fonu (UNICEF) de fiziki ve zihinsel a\u00e7\u0131dan ciddi sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furan ve Sudan&#8217;da yayg\u0131n olarak uygulanan kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetinin su\u00e7 kapsam\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir karar olarak de\u011ferlendirdi. UNICEF raporlar\u0131na g\u00f6re, Sudan&#8217;da ya\u015flar\u0131 15 ile 49 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen her 10 kad\u0131ndan 9&#8217;u s\u00fcnnet ediliyor.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti ne demek?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kamuoyunda kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti olarak da bilinen bu uygulama, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f genital b\u00f6lgesinin kasten kesilmesi ya da \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 demek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Genellikle klitoris veya vajina dudaklar\u0131n\u0131n kesilmesini i\u00e7eriyor. D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (WHO), &#8220;t\u0131bbi olmayan nedenlerle kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00fcreme organlar\u0131n\u0131 yaralayan her t\u00fcrl\u00fc prosed\u00fcr\u00fc&#8221; genital sakatlama kategorisinde de\u011ferlendiriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>DS\u00d6&#8217;ye g\u00f6re, d\u00fcnya genelinde yakla\u015f\u0131k 200 milyon kad\u0131n ve k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011fu genital sakatlanmaya maruz kal\u0131yor. Genital sakatlanma, en yayg\u0131n Afrika&#8217;da ve Ortado\u011fu&#8217;da uygulan\u0131yor. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 30 \u00fclkede uygulanan genital sakatlanma en yayg\u0131n Somali, Gine, Cibuti ve M\u0131s\u0131r&#8217;da g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00d6rg\u00fct, g\u00f6\u00e7 oranlar\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015fla beraber, Avrupa&#8217;da genital sakatlanma ma\u011fduru kad\u0131n ve k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011fu say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n da art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterdi\u011fine dikkati \u00e7ekiyor.&nbsp;\u0130ngiltere&#8217;de yakla\u015f\u0131k 66 bin, Fransa&#8217;da ise 60 bine yak\u0131n kad\u0131n ve k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011fu ma\u011fdur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Almanya Bel\u00e7ika, Hollanda, ve Somali&#8217;den gelen g\u00f6\u00e7menler nedeniyle \u0130talya&#8217;da da ma\u011fdur kad\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 olduk\u00e7a fazla. Genital sakatlanmaya ABD ve Kanada&#8217;da da rastlan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>BM&#8217;nin verilerine &nbsp;g\u00f6re kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti 31 \u00fclkede yap\u0131lmaya devam ediyor. \u015eu an hayattaki 200 milyona yak\u0131n \u00e7ocuk ve kad\u0131n bu uygulamaya maruz kald\u0131. \u00d6zellikle Sahraalt\u0131 Afrika&#8217;da yo\u011funla\u015fan kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti, Orta Do\u011fu ve Asya&#8217;da bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede yasaklanmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen hala uygulanmaya devam ediyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti \u00e7e\u015fitleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u00fcnyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde kad\u0131n cinsel organ\u0131na zarar veren operasyonlar farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerde yap\u0131l\u0131yor:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Klitoridektomi<\/strong>: Klitorisin k\u0131smen ya da tamamen kesilmesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Eksizyon<\/strong>: Klitoris ve i\u00e7 dudaklar\u0131n, bazen de d\u0131\u015f dudaklar\u0131n kesilmesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130nfib\u00fclasyon: <\/strong>D\u0131\u015f genital organlar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcyle ya da k\u0131smen kesilip sadece dar bir vajina giri\u015fi kalacak \u015fekilde dikilmesi. Kad\u0131n genital organlar\u0131na kasten zarar verecek yakma, kaz\u0131ma ya da delme gibi her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ba\u015fka m\u00fcdahaleyi i\u00e7eriyor.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcm bu uyguylamalar, kad\u0131n\u0131n cinsel arzusunu k\u00f6reltti\u011fi gici, bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klara, do\u011fum \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ve genetik hastal\u0131klara ve \u00f6l\u00fcmlere de neden olmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle, k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n s\u00fcnnet olmas\u0131n\u0131n yasaklanmas\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir. Ama en b\u00fcy\u00fck sorun, binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r gelen bu gelenekin nas\u0131l \u00f6nlenece\u011fidir. Yasak olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131, hala k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n s\u00fcnnet edildi\u011fi de bir ger\u00e7ektir\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kad\u0131n S\u00fcnetine S\u0131f\u0131r H\u00f6\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u00fcnya genelinde 200 milyon k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011fu ve kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetli. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler&#8217;in verilerine g\u00f6re \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki 10 y\u0131lda 70 milyon k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011fu daha s\u00fcnnet edilme tehlikesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6 \u015eubat Kad\u0131n S\u00fcnnetine Kar\u015f\u0131 S\u0131f\u0131r Tolerans G\u00fcn\u00fc kapsam\u0131nda kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetine dikkat \u00e7eken Almanya merkezli D\u00fcnya N\u00fcfus Vakf\u0131, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler verilerinin s\u00fcnnet edilme tehlikesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya olan kad\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 2030 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar 70 milyonu bulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini ve bu uygulamay\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in ad\u0131m at\u0131lmazsa, say\u0131n\u0131n daha da artaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (DS\u00d6) de d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda en az 200 milyon k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011fu ve kad\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcnnet edildi\u011fine i\u015faret etti. DS\u00d6 sorumlusu Ian Askew konuyla ilgili a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131nda &#8220;Kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti sadece bir insan hakk\u0131 ihlali de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda buna maruz kalan pek \u00e7ok kad\u0131n\u0131n fiziksel ve psikolojik sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ciddi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkileyen bir uygulamad\u0131r&#8221; dedi. Kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetinin sa\u011fl\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan herhangi bir yarar\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulayan Askew, uygulamalar\u0131n sonland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in daha fazla yat\u0131r\u0131ma ihtiya\u00e7 oldu\u011funun da alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti, klitoris veya vajina dudaklar\u0131n\u0131n genelllikle k\u00f6t\u00fc hijyen ko\u015fullar\u0131nda anestezi olmadan bir k\u0131r\u0131k cam ya da jilet ile k\u0131smen ya da tamamen kesilmesini i\u00e7eriyor. Bu uygulamaya maruz kalan kad\u0131nlar ve k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131, enfeksiyon ve kanaman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra do\u011fum esnas\u0131nda ya\u015fanabilecek risklerle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya. Almanya merkezli Terre des Femmes kad\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn verilerine g\u00f6re s\u00fcnnet edilen kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7eyre\u011fi ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 komplikasyonlar nedeniyle hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybediyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kad\u0131n S\u00fcnetine S\u0131f\u0131r Tolerans<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cinsiyet ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla m\u00fccadele \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u00fcnya N\u00fcfus Vakf\u0131 Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Renate B\u00e4hr da cinsiyet e\u015fitsizli\u011finin nedenlerini anlamadan, kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetinin bitirilemeyece\u011fini belirterek cinsiyet ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla sava\u015fmak i\u00e7in harekete ge\u00e7me \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 yapt\u0131. B\u00e4hr \u201cK\u00fcresel kararlar\u0131n ve ulusal yasalar\u0131n uygulanabilmesi i\u00e7in, bu toplumlarda ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fan politikac\u0131lar\u0131, dini liderleri, \u00f6\u011fretmenleri, bu uygulamalardan etkilenenleri ve tehlike alt\u0131nda olanlar\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmemiz gerekmektedir&#8221; diye s\u00f6zlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Almanya Kalk\u0131nma Bakan\u0131 Gerd M\u00fcller de \u00c7ar\u015famba g\u00fcn\u00fc Sudan\u2019a ziyareti esnas\u0131nda bu uygulaman\u0131n sona erdirilmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131da bulundu ve kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetinin kad\u0131nlar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131layan bir uygulama oldu\u011funu belirtti. M\u00fcller, Almanya Kalk\u0131nma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Sudan, Somali ve Etiyopya gibi \u00fclkelerde kad\u0131na \u015fiddetin bu formuyla m\u00fccadeleyi artt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bu insan haklar\u0131 ihlalinin sonland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00fct\u00fcn sosyal g\u00fc\u00e7lerin ve otoritelerin birlikte hareket etmesi gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6zlerine ekledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti uygulamas\u0131 genellikle dini ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel nedenlerle Afrika ve Ortado\u011fu \u00fclkelerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc, uygulaman\u0131n 30 Afrika ve Asya \u00fclkesinde yayg\u0131n oldu\u011funu belirtti. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler verileri, Somali, Gine ve Cibuti&#8217;de kad\u0131nlar\u0131n y\u00fczde doksan\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcnnetli oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Bu toplumlarda geleneksel anlay\u0131\u015f, s\u00fcnnetsiz kad\u0131nlar\u0131n saf olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve evlilik olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n az oldu\u011funu dayat\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Baz\u0131 Haberler:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/tr\/m%C4%B1s%C4%B1rda-12-ya%C5%9F%C4%B1ndaki-k%C4%B1z-%C3%A7ocu%C4%9Fu-s%C3%BCnnet-kurban%C4%B1\/a-52220374\">M\u0131s\u0131r&#8217;da 12 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011fu s\u00fcnnet kurban\u0131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/tr\/m%C4%B1s%C4%B1rda-12-ya%C5%9F%C4%B1ndaki-k%C4%B1z-%C3%A7ocu%C4%9Fu-s%C3%BCnnet-kurban%C4%B1\/a-52220374\">M\u0131s\u0131r&#8217;da 12 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki bir k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011funun s\u00fcnnet edildikten sonra \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bildirildi. \u00c7ocu\u011fu s\u00fcnnet eden doktor hakk\u0131nda yakalama karar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131ld\u0131. (31.01.2020) &nbsp;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/tr\/irakta-kad%C4%B1n-s%C3%BCnneti-ile-m%C3%BCcadele\/a-46926383\">Irak&#8217;ta kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti ile m\u00fccadele<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/tr\/irakta-kad%C4%B1n-s%C3%BCnneti-ile-m%C3%BCcadele\/a-46926383\">Irak&#8217;ta kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele ediliyor. 2018 verilerine g\u00f6re 5 ila 49 ya\u015f aras\u0131ndaki kad\u0131nlar\u0131n y\u00fczde 37&#8217;sinden fazlas\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcnnetli oldu\u011fu Irak&#8217;\u0131n K\u00fcrt b\u00f6lgesinde halk\u0131 bilin\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in kampanya y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcyor. (02.01.2019) &nbsp;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/tr\/kad%C4%B1n-s%C3%BCnnetine-kar%C5%9F%C4%B1-m%C3%BCcadele-devam-ediyor\/a-37426770\">Kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele devam ediyor<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/tr\/kad%C4%B1n-s%C3%BCnnetine-kar%C5%9F%C4%B1-m%C3%BCcadele-devam-ediyor\/a-37426770\">6 \u015eubat Uluslararas\u0131 Kad\u0131n S\u00fcnnetine Kar\u015f\u0131 S\u0131f\u0131r Ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc G\u00fcn\u00fc ile Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler bu insan haklar\u0131 ihl\u00e2line dikkat \u00e7ekmek istiyor. DW Tanzanya ve Guinea-Bissau&#8217;da bu konuda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma y\u00fcr\u00fctenlerle bir araya geldi. (06.02.2017) &nbsp;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/tr\/d%C3%BCnyadaki-kad%C4%B1n-feministler-ne-i%C3%A7in-m%C3%BCcadele-ediyor\/a-47830497\">D\u00fcnyadaki kad\u0131n feministler ne i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele ediyor?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/tr\/d%C3%BCnyadaki-kad%C4%B1n-feministler-ne-i%C3%A7in-m%C3%BCcadele-ediyor\/a-47830497\">S\u00fcnnet, k\u00fcrtaj hakk\u0131 ve medyada kad\u0131n&#8230; Feministler \u00e7ok say\u0131da konuda m\u00fccadele veriyor. DW Guatemala&#8217;dan Hindistan&#8217;a kad\u0131n aktivistlerin g\u00fcndeme ta\u015f\u0131mak i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 konular\u0131 derledi. (08.03.2019) &nbsp;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kad\u0131n S\u00fcnnetinin \u0130slam ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Yeri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kad\u0131n S\u00fcnneti t\u0131bbi gerek\u00e7eler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda &nbsp;kad\u0131n cinsel organ\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131nda bir veya birka\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn kesilerek \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.&nbsp;\u0130\u015flemin amac\u0131, en geni\u015f anlat\u0131mla, evlilik \u00f6ncesi k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n cinsel iste\u011fini yok etmek, onlar\u0131n namusunu korumak olarak ifade edilmektedir. \u0130\u015flem, kad\u0131n cinselli\u011fini hizmet boyutuna indirgeyen bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin epidemiyolojik yans\u0131mas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7o\u011funlukla M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00fclkelerde uygulan\u0131r. Geleneklere indirgenmi\u015f bu i\u015flemde uygulamay\u0131 yapanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu ebeler veya do\u011fuma kat\u0131lanlardan birisidir. D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (WHO) kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetinin %18 kadar\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmeti veren profesyoneller taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve i\u015flemin art\u0131k sa\u011fl\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne kayd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmektedir. (*)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>KADIN S\u00dcNNET\u0130 D\u00dcPED\u00dcZ C\u0130NAYET<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti, uluslararas\u0131 alanda k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n insan haklar\u0131na bir tecav\u00fcz, bir \u015fiddet olarak kabul edilir. Uygulama, cinsiyetler aras\u0131nda kad\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r bir ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k yapmaktad\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00e7ocuk haklar\u0131na da tecav\u00fcz niteli\u011findedir. &nbsp;Bu i\u015flem insanlar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131k, hatta fiziksel b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck hakk\u0131na sald\u0131r\u0131 boyutu ta\u015f\u0131makta, yan\u0131 s\u0131ra insan\u0131 i\u015fkence ve zul\u00fcmden koruyan yasalar\u0131 ihlal etmektedir. \u0130\u015flem \u00f6l\u00fcmle sonu\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise, insan ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 bilin\u00e7li olarak yok etme gibi vahim bir durum ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilmektedir. Bu noktada s\u00f6z konusu olan d\u00fcped\u00fcz cinayettir.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u201cERKEKLERDE PEN\u0130S BA\u015eININ KES\u0130LMES\u0130YLE E\u015eDE\u011eER\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti \u0130slam geleneklerine g\u00f6re belli ba\u015fl\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 grupta de\u011ferlendirilir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. Kliterektomi: Klitorisin (Arap\u00e7a: b\u0131z\u0131r) k\u0131smen &nbsp;veya b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131; nadir olarak klitorisi saran deri katman\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. Eksizyon: Klitoris ve labya minoralar\u0131n (k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dudak) k\u0131smi veya tamamen \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u015flemine labya majoralar\u0131n (b\u00fcy\u00fck dudaklar\u0131n) k\u0131smen \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n da eklenmesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. \u0130nfibulasyon (sadece delik b\u0131rakma): Klitorisin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak veya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmadan do\u011fum kanal\u0131 a\u011fz\u0131n\u0131n, yani vajinal giri\u015fin, kenar\u0131ndaki deri katmanlar\u0131 kullan\u0131larak daralt\u0131lmas\u0131. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti erkek s\u00fcnnetinden (penis ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 saran derinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131) farkl\u0131 &nbsp;bir i\u015flemdir; klitorisin k\u0131smen veya tamamen \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131, bir anlamda, penis ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131smen veya tamamen \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u015fleminin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti, erkek s\u00fcnnetinin fayda ve zararlar\u0131na ili\u015fkin tart\u0131\u015fmalardan tamamen uzak, \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 ve a\u011f\u0131r bir uygulamad\u0131r. Sa\u011fl\u0131k y\u00f6n\u00fcnden faydas\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na ve kad\u0131nlara pek \u00e7ok bak\u0131mdan zarar vermektedir. K\u0131z ve kad\u0131n v\u00fccudunun do\u011fal fonksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131 bozmas\u0131 yan\u0131nda normal genital dokuyu yok eden veya sakat b\u0131rakan bir uygulamad\u0131r. \u0130\u015flem sonras\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclen akut (erken) komplikasyonlar \u015fiddetli a\u011fr\u0131, \u015fok, kanama, tetanoz, sepsis (kana mikrop kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131), idrar \u00e7\u0131karamama, genital b\u00f6lgede a\u00e7\u0131k yaralar ve biti\u015fikteki genital dokuya hasar \u015feklindedir. \u0130\u015flemin uzun s\u00fcreli komplikasyonlar\u0131 &nbsp;ise tekrarlayan mesane ve idrar yolu enfeksiyonlar\u0131, kist, infertilite (\u00e7ocuk yapma fonksiyonunun kayb\u0131) ve do\u011fum s\u0131ras\u0131nda artan komplikasyon ve yeni do\u011fan \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti &nbsp;i\u015flemi &nbsp;genital b\u00f6lgeye tekrarlayan cerrahi giri\u015fimlere de yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin vajinal deli\u011fin penis girmeyecek \u015fekilde daralt\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u015flemi, evlilik sonras\u0131 vajinal ili\u015fki ve do\u011fum yapmak i\u00e7in b\u00f6lgenin cerrahi olarak kesilmesini ve geni\u015fletilmesini gerekli k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.&nbsp;Her cerrahi i\u015flem yeni riskleri de beraberinde getirmektedir.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>29 \u00dcLKEDE 125 M\u0130LYONDAN FAZLA KADIN<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130\u015flem \u00e7o\u011funlukla yeni do\u011fan ile 15 ya\u015f grubu aras\u0131ndaki k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na, bazen de eri\u015fkin kad\u0131nlara uygulan\u0131r. UNICEF&#8217;in rakamlar\u0131na g\u00f6re, Afrika&#8217;da&nbsp;kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti olmas\u0131 beklenen k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131&nbsp;y\u0131lda 3 milyonu bulmaktad\u0131r. &nbsp;\u015eimdiki halde, Afrika ve Ortado\u011fu \u00fclkelerinde yo\u011funluklu olmak \u00fczere d\u00fcnyada 29 \u00fclkede 125 milyondan fazla kad\u0131na s\u00fcnnet uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.&nbsp;\u0130\u015flem Afrika&#8217;n\u0131n do\u011fu, bat\u0131 &nbsp;ve kuzeydo\u011fu b\u00f6lgeleri yan\u0131nda, Asya ve Ortado\u011fu \u00fclkelerinde ve bu b\u00f6lgelerden g\u00f6\u00e7enlerde de yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>KUZEY IRAK K\u00dcRT Y\u00d6NET\u0130M B\u00d6LGES\u0130\u2019NDE Y\u00dcZDE 88&#8217;E VARAN ORAN<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>UNICEF\u2019in Kuzey Irak K\u00fcrt Y\u00f6netim B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti &nbsp;konusundaki a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131 bir deh\u015fet filminin sahnelerini and\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle Erbil ve S\u00fcleymaniye b\u00f6lgelerinde daha yo\u011fun olmak \u00fczere % 88\u2019e ula\u015fan oranda kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti uygulamas\u0131 bir\u00e7ok Bat\u0131l\u0131 akademisyeni ve sahada \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan uzman\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtacak boyuttad\u0131r. Raporlar i\u015flemin Ortado\u011fu\u2019daki yayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermektedir. Kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetinin en \u00e7ok yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu i\u015flemin en fazla komplikasyona yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclke M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019d\u0131r. \u0130\u015flem \u00e7o\u011funlukla M\u00fcsl\u00fcman toplumlarda uygulanmakla birlikte, M\u0131s\u0131r&#8217;da hem M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar hem de H\u0131ristiyan K\u0131ptiler aras\u0131nda % 97 oran\u0131nda &nbsp;g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>KIRIK CAMLARLA YAPILAN \u0130\u015eLEM SONRASI YARAYA K\u00dcL BASMA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2003 ba\u015flar\u0131nda bir Alman ve Avusturya ortak sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc olan WADI, Kuzey Irak K\u00fcrdistan B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde seyyar ekiplerle, b\u00f6lge halk\u0131na t\u0131bbi hizmet ve sosyal destek de &nbsp;sa\u011flayarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Tamam\u0131 kad\u0131n olan bu ekipteki hekim, hem\u015fire ve sosyal hizmet uzmanlar\u0131 b\u00f6lge halk\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvenini kazand\u0131ktan sonra, b\u00f6lgenin sosyolojik ger\u00e7ekleri hakk\u0131nda kapsaml\u0131 verilere ula\u015ft\u0131lar. Yakla\u015f\u0131k &nbsp;olarak bir y\u0131ldan fazla s\u00fcren \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan sonra, b\u00f6lgenin kad\u0131nlar\u0131, kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti hakk\u0131nda konu\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u00f6lgedeki K\u00fcrtler yukar\u0131da belirtilen s\u0131n\u0131flamaya g\u00f6re birinci tip s\u00fcnnet uygulamaktad\u0131rlar. Ebeler \u00e7o\u011funlukla i\u015flemi sterilize edilmemi\u015f cihazlarla, hatta k\u0131r\u0131k camlarla anestezi yapmadan uygulamaktad\u0131rlar. \u00c7ocukta olu\u015fan sakatl\u0131\u011f\u0131n derecesi tamamen ebenin tecr\u00fcbesine ve \u00e7ocu\u011fun \u015fans\u0131na kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u015flem sonras\u0131 yaraya k\u00fcl veya \u00e7amur bas\u0131lmakta ve k\u0131zlar bir kova buzlu suyun \u00fczerine oturtulmaktad\u0131rlar. K\u00fcrt k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00f6lmekte bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da kronik a\u011fr\u0131, enfeksiyon ve infertilite &nbsp;sorunuyla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7ocuklar\u0131n tamam\u0131 travma sonras\u0131 stres bozuklu\u011fu ya\u015famaktad\u0131r.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>M\u00dcLAKAT YAPILAN KADINLAR \u2018NORMAL\u2019 KAR\u015eILIYORLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>WADI\u2019nin 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda 1544 kad\u0131n\u0131n 907\u2019sine (% 60) s\u00fcnnet uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtmi\u015ftir. Kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti konusunda kendileriyle m\u00fclakat yap\u0131lan b\u00fct\u00fcn kad\u0131nlar i\u015flemi normal g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerini, hem geleneklere hem de \u0130slam dinine at\u0131fta bulunarak belirtmi\u015flerdir.&nbsp;Kad\u0131nlara, kendi k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcnneti hakk\u0131nda ne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fckleri soruldu\u011funda ise benzer cevaplar vermi\u015fler, klitorisin kirli ve haram oldu\u011funu, dinsel olarak yasakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, k\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcnnet ettirmediklerini fark eden&nbsp;e\u015flerinin onlar\u0131 cezaland\u0131raca\u011f\u0131ndan korktuklar\u0131n\u0131, erkeklerin s\u00fcnnetli kad\u0131nlarla cinsel ili\u015fkide bulunmay\u0131 tercih ettiklerini ifade etmi\u015flerdir. Erkekler konu hakk\u0131nda konu\u015fmam\u0131\u015flar ve t\u00fcm sorumlulu\u011fu e\u015flerine b\u0131rakt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015flerdir. E\u015fleriyle bu konuyu tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyen erkek yok gibidir.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130SLAM AL\u0130MLER\u0130 VE KADIN S\u00dcNNET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti konusunda farkl\u0131 &nbsp;g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler ve tart\u0131\u015fmalar vard\u0131r. Bir \u00e7ok \u00fclkede ve &nbsp;elbette bat\u0131 \u00fclkelerinde de bu uygulamaya kar\u015f\u0131 toplumsal bir tepki vard\u0131r. Kad\u0131na zorla dayat\u0131lan bu uygulama, s\u00f6z konusu \u00fclkelerde &nbsp;canice ve zalimce bir i\u015flem olarak kabul edilmi\u015f ve yasalarla engellenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetinin \u0130slam&#8217;dan \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemlere kadar uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savlayanlar da vard\u0131r. M\u0131s\u0131r&#8217;daki uygulaman\u0131n Firavunlar d\u00f6nemine kadar gerilere gitti\u011fini ve farkl\u0131 dinlerin mensuplar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrenler olmu\u015ftur. Konu tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, baz\u0131 &nbsp;M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar bunun k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bir konu oldu\u011funu, \u0130slam\u2019da dini bir zorunluluk olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmedi\u011fini&nbsp;s\u00f6ylemi\u015flerdir.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130slam alimlerine gelince, kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti konusunda bu alanda &nbsp;farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler vard\u0131r. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetinin&nbsp;bir zorunluluk olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylerken, baz\u0131lar\u0131 da &nbsp;konunun Hadislerde dahi ge\u00e7ti\u011fini iddia ederler. \u0130slam \u015feriat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nde giden alimlerinden Filistin-\u0130sve\u00e7 k\u00f6kenli A. Aldeeb Abu Sahlieh\u2019e g\u00f6re, konu hakk\u0131nda \u0130slam d\u00f6nemine ait en fazla aktar\u0131lan bilgi, Muhammed ile Um Habibah aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7en bir konu\u015fmaya ili\u015fkindir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kad\u0131n k\u00f6lelere s\u00fcnnet uygulamas\u0131yla tan\u0131nan &nbsp;Um Habibah adl\u0131 kad\u0131n, Muhammed\u2019in hicretine kat\u0131lanlardan biridir. &nbsp;Bir keresinde Muhammed onunla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131r ve aralar\u0131nda bir konu\u015fma ge\u00e7er.&nbsp;Muhammed ona i\u015fini yap\u0131p yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sorar. Kad\u0131n da i\u015fini yapmaya devam etti\u011fini, yasaklanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da yapmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in kendisinden talimat almad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece i\u015fini yapmaya devam edece\u011fini s\u00f6yler. Bunun \u00fczerine Muhammed, <strong>\u201cEvet, devam et, yak\u0131n\u0131ma gel de sana \u00f6\u011freteyim; e\u011fer kesiyorsan abartmadan kes, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu y\u00fczeye daha \u00e7ok gerginlik verir ve kocas\u0131 i\u00e7in daha ho\u015f olur\u201d<\/strong> diyerek kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti konusundaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc ifade eder. <em>( Sami A. Aldeeb Abu Sahlieh, \u201cTo Mutilate in the Name of Jehovah or Allah: Legitimization of Male and Female Circumcision,\u201d Medicine and Law i\u00e7inde, Temmuz 1994, s. 575-622). &nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Abu Sahlieh&#8217;in Muhammed&#8217;in s\u00f6ylemlerinden \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7, erkek s\u00fcnnetinin s\u00fcnnet oldu\u011fu, kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetinin ise makruma (sevap) oldu\u011fudur. &nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bununla birlikte, baz\u0131 hatipler kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetinin zorunlu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, baz\u0131lar\u0131 da \u0130slam&#8217;\u0131n kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetini onaylamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 &nbsp;s\u00f6ylemi\u015flerdir. Baz\u0131 \u0130slam alimleri Firavun d\u00f6neminde yap\u0131lan kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetinin \u0130slam\u2019da yasaklanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir. <strong>El-Ezher \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden \u015eeyh Gad El-Hak ise Peygamber\u2019in kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetini, en basit \u015fekliyle s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse, yasaklamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir.<\/strong> &nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130slam \u00e2limi Ahmed ibn Nakib el-M\u0131sri (d.796\/1368) taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan Umdat el-Salik\u2019te (\u015eafi \u00f6\u011fretisine g\u00f6re \u0130slam&#8217;\u0131n gizli yasalar\u0131n\u0131n anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaynak) kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti hakk\u0131nda anlat\u0131lanlar\u0131n \u0130ngilizce \u00e7evirisinin (<em>\u00e7ev., ed. Nuh Ha Mim Keller; Beltsville, 1997) &nbsp;\u201cV\u00fccut\u201d isimli b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde (s. 59). <\/em>&nbsp;Kad\u0131n &nbsp;s\u00fcnneti hakk\u0131nda yer verilen kanaat \u015f\u00f6yledir: <strong>\u201cS\u00fcnnet kad\u0131n i\u00e7in de erkek i\u00e7in de zorunludur. Erkekler i\u00e7in penisin ucundaki prepisyumun; kad\u0131n i\u00e7in de klitorisin (b\u0131z\u0131r) derisinin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r (klitorisin de\u011fil)\u201d<\/strong>.<em> (S\u00fcnni \u0130slam&#8217;\u0131n Hanefi \u00f6\u011fretisine g\u00f6re, kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti zorunluluk de\u011fil, sadece s\u00fcnnettir. Hanefi inanc\u0131nda kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti kad\u0131n\u0131n kocas\u0131na nezaketinden ve sayg\u0131s\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131r.)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fakat ayn\u0131 metnin Arap\u00e7a asl\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir: &#8220;S\u00fcnnet her erkek ve kad\u0131n i\u00e7in zorunludur; erkek i\u00e7in penisin glans\u0131ndaki deri par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r; kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti ise klitorisin (b\u0131z\u0131r) \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.&nbsp;Arap\u00e7a kelime olan <strong>\u201cb\u0131z\u0131r\u201d klitorisin derisi<\/strong> demek de\u011fildir; bizzat klitorisin kendisidir. Nuh Hah Mim Keller\u2019in Bat\u0131\u2019ya \u00f6zel olarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131, kasten yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 olan \u00e7eviride ama\u00e7 \u015eafi \u015fer\u2019i h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini bat\u0131dan gizlemektir; oysa Umdat el-Salik\u2019de s\u00f6ylenen, k\u0131zlarda klitorisin tamamen \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n zorunlu oldu\u011fudur. Bu \u00f6zel formdaki kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti M\u0131s\u0131r&#8217;da \u00e7ok geni\u015f \u00e7apta uygulama alan\u0131 bulmu\u015ftur.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019DE KADIN S\u00dcNNET\u0130N\u0130 YASAKLAYAN B\u0130R YASA YOK<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetini yasaklayan bir yasa mevcut de\u011fil. T\u00f6re, gelenek, \u00e2det ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda kad\u0131n cinselli\u011fini yok etmeye y\u00f6nelik kad\u0131n cinayetleri ve sakat b\u0131rakmalar\u0131n \u0130slam \u00fclkeleri i\u00e7inde en \u00fcst s\u0131ralarda oldu\u011fu toplumumuzda kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetinin alenen tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmamas\u0131 dikkate de\u011fer. Ba\u015f\u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc gibi bir konuyu i\u00e7selle\u015ftirmi\u015f bir kad\u0131n toplumunun kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti konusunu a\u011fz\u0131na bile almamas\u0131 &nbsp;\u00e7ok ilgin\u00e7tir.&nbsp;\u0130slam dininden kaynaklanan \u00f6nyarg\u0131larla &nbsp;kad\u0131na &nbsp;uygulanan her t\u00fcrl\u00fc bask\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zla yerle\u015fti\u011fi bir toplumda, bu konunun konu\u015fulmamas\u0131 farkl\u0131 &nbsp;\u015fekillerde yorumlanabilir. T\u00fcrk\/\u0130slam geleneklerinin M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Arap geleneklerinden \u00f6nde oldu\u011fu veya T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de &nbsp;kad\u0131nlar\u0131n e\u011fitim seviyesinin nispeten y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu veya &nbsp;v\u00fccut b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne bu boyuttaki bir sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 kabullenecek kad\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclkemizde \u00e7ok az oldu\u011fu \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ancak dinsel uygulamalar\u0131n sosyal hayata h\u0131zla uyarland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve halk\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan i\u00e7selle\u015ftirildi\u011fi toplumumuzda, kad\u0131nlara&nbsp;s\u00fcnnet gibi vah\u015fi ve sakatlay\u0131c\u0131 bir uygulaman\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki y\u0131llarda zorla dayat\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvencesi var m\u0131d\u0131r? <\/strong>Bu uygulaman\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131 halinde k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 koruyacak yasalar nerededir? Dinsel \u00f6\u011felerin sosyal hayata &nbsp;zorla dayat\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce&nbsp;bir haz\u0131rl\u0131k evresinin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131&nbsp;ve toplumun en ak\u0131ld\u0131\u015f\u0131 uygulamalara bile al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kendi deneyimlerimizden biliyoruz.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>T\u00fcrk kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc gibi bir konuyu bile d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrerek kendi hayat tarzlar\u0131na uyarlad\u0131klar\u0131, hatta bir t\u00fcr cinsel cazibe&nbsp;unsuru olarak kulland\u0131klar\u0131, dinsel \u00e7evrelerin bile \u015fik\u00e2yet konusu haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/strong> Bakal\u0131m Kad\u0131n S\u00fcnneti topluma kabul ettirilebilecek mi? Yoksa kad\u0131nlar\u0131n T\u00fcrk\/\u0130slam kimli\u011fi &nbsp;daha a\u011f\u0131r basacak ve kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti d\u0131\u015flanacak m\u0131?&nbsp;(<em>*) Prof.Dr. G\u00fcl\u00fcmser Heper.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>D\u00fcnyada ve Orta Do\u011fu\u2019da k\u0131zlar\u0131n s\u00fcnnet \u00e7ilesi<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>8 Mart D\u00fcnya Kad\u0131nlar G\u00fcn\u00fc kutlamalar\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda, gizli tutulan ama binlerce y\u0131l \u00e7ocuk ya\u015ftaki k\u0131zlar ve kad\u0131nlar \u00fczerinde uygulanan \u201cs\u00fcnnet\u201d t\u00f6resi ac\u0131, hastal\u0131k ve \u00f6l\u00fcm getiriyor. Erkek egemen toplumun kad\u0131nlar \u00fczerinde uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 pek \u00e7ok bask\u0131n\u0131n bir ba\u015fka versiyonu olan s\u00fcnnet i\u00e7in; BM,&nbsp;UNFPA, UNICEF ve Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (WHO) verilerine g\u00f6re, d\u00fcnyada 140 milyon s\u00fcnnetli kad\u0131n bulunmaktad\u0131r. Afrika, Arap ve Ortado\u011fu \u00fclkeleri ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, kad\u0131n n\u00fcfusunun y\u00fczde 60\u2019tan fazlas\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcnnet edildi\u011fi Kuzey Irak\u2019ta yetkililer, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n dikkatini bu konuya \u00e7ekmemek i\u00e7in, gen\u00e7 k\u0131zlarda bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131k, \u00f6l\u00fcm, fiziksel ve psikolojik sorunlara yol a\u00e7an bu \u00e7ileyi, yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 ilan etmeye yana\u015fm\u0131yor. B\u00f6lgede t\u00f6reler a\u011f\u0131r bas\u0131yor\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u00d6te yandan, ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u0131llarda benimde tan\u0131k oldu\u011fum; Afrika\u2019da Kongo\u2019nun ba\u015fkenti Kongo\u2019da yap\u0131lan b\u00fcy\u00fck kat\u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 halk oylamas\u0131 sonucu, oylamaya kat\u0131lanlar\u0131n %85\u2019i taraf\u0131ndan kabul g\u00f6ren, s\u00fcnnet olma ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131n 18 ve \u00fczeri olmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi ve bu karar Kongo Anayasas\u0131\u2019na girdi. Bundan b\u00f6yle k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 t\u00f6re gere\u011fi de\u011fil, kendi bedenleri \u00fczerinde kendileri karar verecek dendi. Ve art\u0131k k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 s\u00fcnnet olmak istemiyor yorumu yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bu halk oylamas\u0131 sonucu, etkinli\u011fe kat\u0131lan her renkten binlerce s\u00fcnnetli k\u0131z dans etti ve bayram yapt\u0131. Ve bu uygulaman\u0131n ba\u015fka co\u011frafyalara ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrlere de \u00f6rnek olmas\u0131n\u0131 istediler\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Kad\u0131n n\u00fcfusunun y\u00fczde 60\u2019tan fazlas\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcnnet edildi\u011fi Kuzey Irak\u2019ta yetkililer, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n dikkatini bu konuya \u00e7ekmemek i\u00e7in, gen\u00e7 k\u0131zlarda fiziksel ve psikolojik sorunlara yol a\u00e7an bu i\u015flemi yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 ilan etmeye yana\u015fm\u0131yor. Sa\u011fl\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hi\u00e7bir yarar\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, enfeksiyon ve ba\u015fka rahats\u0131zl\u0131klara neden oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle uzmanlar taraf\u0131ndan ele\u015ftirilen kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetinin K\u00fcrt n\u00fcfusu i\u00e7inde nas\u0131l bu kadar yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131na tam bir cevap verilemiyor.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (WHO) verilerine g\u00f6re, bu g\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada toplam 140 milyonu a\u015fk\u0131n k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011funun s\u00fcnnetli oldu\u011fu belgeledi. K\u0131z \u00e7ocuklarda uygulanan bu vah\u015fet gelenekin, herhangi bir inan\u00e7la direk ilgili olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve 5 bin y\u0131ld\u0131r Firavun zaman\u0131ndan bu yanan uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. Ayn\u0131 jilet ve makasla, ayn\u0131 anda pek \u00e7ok k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011funun, hijyenik olmayan ortamlarda s\u00fcnnet edilmesi sonucu, aids ve hepatit t\u00fcr\u00fc kanla yay\u0131lan pek \u00e7ok bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131na de neden olan bu s\u00fcnnet gelece\u011fi, asl\u0131nda s\u00fcnnetli k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n hastalanmas\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00fcmlerine neden oldu\u011fu, uzmanlar taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131klanmaktad\u0131r.&nbsp; &nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Daha \u00e7ok Afrika ve Arap \u00fclkeleri yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Asya ve Ortado\u011fu\u2019nun bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde de g\u00f6r\u00fclen kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetinin, d\u00fcnyada en yayg\u0131n oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgeler aras\u0131nda Kuzey Irak da ilk s\u0131ralarda yer al\u0131yor. K\u00fcrt k\u0131zlar\u0131na uygulanan ve sa\u011fl\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hi\u00e7bir yarar\u0131 bulunmayan bu i\u015flemi \u201cAllah i\u00e7in\u201d yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorlar. Irak\u2019ta K\u00fcrt n\u00fcfusun y\u00fczde 60\u2019\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcnnet oldu\u011fu belirtildi. Kad\u0131n\u0131n cinsel arzular\u0131n\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ruhunu temizledi\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle uygulanan y\u00f6ntem, Irak\u2019\u0131n di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerinde nadiren g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Uygulamay\u0131 yasaklatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kad\u0131n vekiller ve baz\u0131 sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fctleri, Kuzey Irak y\u00f6netiminin konunun uluslararas\u0131 kamuoyunun dikkatini \u00e7ekmesini istemedikleri gerek\u00e7esiyle g\u00fcndemine almaktan ka\u00e7\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcyor.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>B\u00f6lgesel y\u00f6netimin insan haklar\u0131ndan sorumlu bakan\u0131 Yusuf Muhamed Aziz, konuya ili\u015fkin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamada, \u2018toplumu ilgilendiren t\u00fcm k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sorunlarla ilgili yasa \u00e7\u0131kartman\u0131n gerekli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u2019 s\u00f6yledi.B\u00f6lgedeki baz\u0131 din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n da konuya ili\u015fkin halk\u0131 y\u00f6nlendirmesiyle baz\u0131 yerlerde s\u00fcnnet vakalar\u0131n\u0131n azalmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dikkati \u00e7eken Haber Gazetesi, s\u00fcnnet olmu\u015f kad\u0131nlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn, k\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131n kendileriyle ayn\u0131 ac\u0131y\u0131 \u00e7ekmesini istemediklerini s\u00f6yledi\u011fini kaydetti.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler, her y\u0131l yakla\u015f\u0131k 3 milyon kad\u0131n\u0131n hayati tehlike ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furan kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetiyle ilgili son verileri payla\u015ft\u0131, uygulaman\u0131n giderek azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrken 15 ya\u015f\u0131ndan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck 30 milyon k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011funun halen risk alt\u0131nda oldu\u011fu belirtti. UNFPA ve UNICEF kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetine son verilmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7abalara h\u0131z verilmesi \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 yapt\u0131.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Kad\u0131n S\u00fcnnetine Kar\u015f\u0131 S\u0131f\u0131r Tolerans G\u00fcn\u00fc dolay\u0131s\u0131yla BM taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131klanan yeni verilerinde, ya\u015fam\u0131 tehdit edici bir uygulama olarak kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti tehdidi alt\u0131nda olan k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011fu say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve gen\u00e7 ku\u015faklar bu uygulamaya daha az maruz kald\u0131klar\u0131 yer al\u0131yor.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>UNICEF taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan en son tahminlerde, 29 \u00fclkede en az 140 milyon k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011funun ve kad\u0131n\u0131n kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetine maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131, 15 ya\u015f\u0131ndan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck 30 milyon k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011funun halen risk alt\u0131nda oldu\u011fu belirtiliyor.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u201cKad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetini sonland\u0131rabiliriz\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>UNICEF Genel Direkt\u00f6r\u00fc Anthony Lake, kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetinin sona erdirilebilece\u011fini vurgulad\u0131: \u201cBu ilerleme, kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetine son vermenin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti kendi ba\u015f\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yanl\u0131\u015f olman\u0131n \u00f6tesinde bir uygulamad\u0131r. Milyonlarca k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011fun ve kad\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmesi i\u00e7in bu uygulamay\u0131 sona erdirmeliyiz ve bunu yapabiliriz.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetinin uygulanmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131, 1979 y\u0131l\u0131nda CEDAW (Kad\u0131na Kar\u015f\u0131 Her T\u00fcrl\u00fc Ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n Yok Edilmesi S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi) kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti maddesinde bu eylemlerin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fczere gerekli tedbir getirilmi\u015fti, uluslararas\u0131 giri\u015fimlerle desteklenerek sona erdirilmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmeye devam edildi. BM Genel Kurulu, 2012 Aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda ise kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetine son verme y\u00f6n\u00fcnde oybirli\u011fiyle \u00fcye devletleri bu uygulamaya son vermek i\u00e7in \u00e7abalar\u0131 yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rma karar\u0131 vermi\u015fti, bu karar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlanan rapor, geli\u015fimin \u00f6nemli bir izle\u011fini olu\u015fturuyor.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>BM raporuna g\u00f6re, kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetinin yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 29 Afrika ve Orta Do\u011fu \u00fclkesinde ortalama rakamlara bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 45-49 ya\u015f grubundan olup bu uygulamaya maruz kalan kad\u0131n oran\u0131 tahminen y\u00fczde 53 iken, 15-19 ya\u015f grubundan k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131nda uygulama oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 36.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Uygulaman\u0131n yayg\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fclkelerde bile tutumlar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin, k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 90\u2019\u0131n\u0131n bu uygulamayla s\u00fcnnet edildi\u011fi M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da, 15-49 ya\u015f grubundan evli kad\u0131nlar aras\u0131nda kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetine son verilmesini isteyenlerin oran\u0131 1995\u2019ten 2008\u2019e % 13\u2019ten % 28\u2019e iki kat artt\u0131.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>UNICEF\u2019in kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti raporuna g\u00f6re d\u00fcnyada 125 milyondan fazla k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011fu ve kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnet edilmi\u015f durumda. 30 milyon k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011fu ise \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki on y\u0131lda s\u00fcnnet edilme tehlikesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Afrika ve Ortado\u011fu\u2019da 29 \u00fclkede yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re s\u00fcnnet edilen kad\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n en y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu \u00fclkeler s\u0131ras\u0131yla M\u0131s\u0131r, Etiyopya, Nijerya, Sudan ve Kenya ile Burkina Faso. Somali\u2019deki kad\u0131n ve k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n ise y\u00fczde 98\u2019i s\u00fcnnet edilmi\u015f.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Toplumda kabul g\u00f6rme uygulaman\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclen en yayg\u0131n gerek\u00e7e. Hijyen, daha iyi bir evlilik ihtimali, bekareti korumak, dini gereklilik ise di\u011fer nedenler aras\u0131nda. Uygulama \u00e7o\u011funlukla M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarda g\u00f6r\u00fclmekle birlikte di\u011fer dinlerde de yap\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>S\u00fcnnet uygulamas\u0131nda vurgulanan di\u011fer bir nokta ise geleneksel uygulay\u0131c\u0131lardan uzman sa\u011fl\u0131k personeline ge\u00e7i\u015fin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi. B\u00f6ylelikle uygulaman\u0131n medikalizasyonun artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 savunuluyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da uygulaman\u0131n uzman sa\u011fl\u0131k personeli taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lma oran\u0131 1995 \u2013 2008 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda y\u00fczde 55\u2019ten y\u00fczde 77\u2019ye y\u00fckseldi. Gana, Irak gibi \u00fclkelerde ise bu oran bir hayli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Rapordan dikkat \u00e7ekici baz\u0131 noktalar \u015f\u00f6yle:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>* Yemen\u2019de s\u00fcnnetlerin y\u00fczde 97\u2019si evde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriliyor ve y\u00fczde 75\u2019inde b\u0131\u00e7ak veya jilet kullan\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>* Burkina Faso\u2019da ya\u015fayan kad\u0131n ve k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 76\u2019s\u0131 s\u00fcnnet edilmi\u015f ancak sadece y\u00fczde 9\u2019u uygulaman\u0131n devam etmesi gerekti\u011fini savunuyor.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>* Togo\u2019da M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kad\u0131n ve k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 21\u2019i, H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131nda y\u00fczde 1\u2019i s\u00fcnnet edilirken; Nijerya\u2019da H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n y\u00fczde 55\u2019i, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n y\u00fczde 2\u2019si s\u00fcnnet edilmi\u015f.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>* Gine\u2019de kad\u0131n ve k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 19\u2019u kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetinin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6ylerken, bu oran erkeklerde y\u00fczde 42. Kamerun\u2019da ise erkeklerin y\u00fczde 85\u2019i kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetine kar\u015f\u0131.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>* Eritre\u2019de kad\u0131n ve k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 60\u2019\u0131 s\u00fcnneti dini bir gereklilik olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyor.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>* Kenya\u2019da s\u00fcnnet edilmi\u015f kad\u0131n ve k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 59\u2019u uygulaman\u0131n hi\u00e7bir yarar\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunuyor.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>* E\u011fitim g\u00f6rmeyen kad\u0131nlar, orta ve y\u00fcksek e\u011fitim g\u00f6ren kad\u0131nlara g\u00f6re s\u00fcnneti d\u00f6rt kat daha fazla destekliyor.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Raporda kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetine kar\u015f\u0131 ilk kampanyan\u0131n d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi (M\u0131s\u0131r) 1920\u2019den bu yana kad\u0131n s\u00fcnnetine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele ve kazan\u0131mlar\u0131n kronolojisi de yer al\u0131yor.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>8 Mart D\u00fcnya Kad\u0131nlar G\u00fcn\u00fc kapsam\u0131nda, art\u0131k kad\u0131nlar\u0131m\u0131zda; erkek egemen toplum tarzlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor ve her co\u011frafyada haklar\u0131, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri ve sorumluluklar\u0131n\u0131n bilincinde, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f ve e\u015fit bir yurtta\u015f olarak ya\u015fam haklar\u0131n\u0131 an\u0131msat\u0131yorlar, yeniden\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>SONU\u00c7:&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vah\u015fi kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, d\u00fcnya co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n pek \u00e7ok ya\u015fam alan\u0131nda; s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc, sava\u015f, ter\u00f6r, emperyalist ku\u015fatma, cehalet, t\u00f6re ve \u00e7a\u011fd\u0131\u015f\u0131 inan\u00e7 bi\u00e7imlerinin yayg\u0131n oldu\u011fu durumda; mazluma, \u00e7ocuk ve kad\u0131na olan \u015fiddetin alabildi\u011fine s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz ko\u015fullar\u0131nda; k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n kendi iradeleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda s\u00fcnnet edilmesi ya da edilmemesi i\u00e7in; bu sorunun yan\u0131t\u0131: Duyarl\u0131, bilin\u00e7li ve \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc birey ve toplumlar\u0131n kolektif iradeleriyle ba\u015fkald\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcne dek; sorunlar yuma\u011f\u0131 olan bu sorunun da \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in; zaman g\u00f6sterecek\u2026&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Haber Kayna\u011f\u0131: <\/strong>&nbsp; www.dursunozden.com.tr<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"542\" height=\"728\" src=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/s\u00fcnnet.\u00f6n-542x728.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8558\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/s\u00fcnnet.\u00f6n-542x728.jpg 542w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/s\u00fcnnet.\u00f6n-223x300.jpg 223w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/s\u00fcnnet.\u00f6n.jpg 603w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 542px) 100vw, 542px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"550\" height=\"397\" src=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMG_5597.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8256\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMG_5597.jpg 550w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMG_5597-416x300.jpg 416w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"660\" height=\"440\" src=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/bir-orta-cag-iskencesi-kadin-sunneti-hakkinda-664773_1267_5_b.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8257\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/bir-orta-cag-iskencesi-kadin-sunneti-hakkinda-664773_1267_5_b.jpg 660w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/bir-orta-cag-iskencesi-kadin-sunneti-hakkinda-664773_1267_5_b-450x300.jpg 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"660\" height=\"494\" src=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/bir-orta-cag-iskencesi-kadin-sunneti-hakkinda-664773_1338_12_b.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8258\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/bir-orta-cag-iskencesi-kadin-sunneti-hakkinda-664773_1338_12_b.jpg 660w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/bir-orta-cag-iskencesi-kadin-sunneti-hakkinda-664773_1338_12_b-401x300.jpg 401w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"660\" height=\"371\" src=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/bir-orta-cag-iskencesi-kadin-sunneti-hakkinda-664773_2032_9_b.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8259\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/bir-orta-cag-iskencesi-kadin-sunneti-hakkinda-664773_2032_9_b.jpg 660w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/bir-orta-cag-iskencesi-kadin-sunneti-hakkinda-664773_2032_9_b-500x281.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"660\" height=\"370\" src=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/bir-orta-cag-iskencesi-kadin-sunneti-hakkinda-664773_2934_10_b.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8260\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/bir-orta-cag-iskencesi-kadin-sunneti-hakkinda-664773_2934_10_b.jpg 660w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/bir-orta-cag-iskencesi-kadin-sunneti-hakkinda-664773_2934_10_b-500x280.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"660\" height=\"482\" src=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/bir-orta-cag-iskencesi-kadin-sunneti-hakkinda-664773_7830_1_b.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8261\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/bir-orta-cag-iskencesi-kadin-sunneti-hakkinda-664773_7830_1_b.jpg 660w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/bir-orta-cag-iskencesi-kadin-sunneti-hakkinda-664773_7830_1_b-411x300.jpg 411w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"660\" height=\"413\" src=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/bir-orta-cag-iskencesi-kadin-sunneti-hakkinda-664773_8245_8_b.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8262\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/bir-orta-cag-iskencesi-kadin-sunneti-hakkinda-664773_8245_8_b.jpg 660w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/bir-orta-cag-iskencesi-kadin-sunneti-hakkinda-664773_8245_8_b-479x300.jpg 479w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"421\" height=\"421\" src=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMG_5589.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8263\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMG_5589.jpg 421w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMG_5589-300x300.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMG_5589-55x55.jpg 55w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 421px) 100vw, 421px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"557\" height=\"551\" src=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMG_5590.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8264\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMG_5590.jpg 557w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMG_5590-303x300.jpg 303w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMG_5590-55x55.jpg 55w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 557px) 100vw, 557px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"600\" height=\"401\" src=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMG_5591.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8265\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMG_5591.jpg 600w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMG_5591-449x300.jpg 449w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMG_5591-290x195.jpg 290w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"565\" height=\"418\" src=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMG_5592.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8266\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMG_5592.jpg 565w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMG_5592-406x300.jpg 406w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 565px) 100vw, 565px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"960\" height=\"720\" src=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMG_5588.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8267\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMG_5588.jpg 960w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMG_5588-400x300.jpg 400w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMG_5588-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"451\" height=\"680\" src=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMG_5594.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8268\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMG_5594.jpg 451w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMG_5594-199x300.jpg 199w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 451px) 100vw, 451px\" 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width=\"660\" height=\"547\" src=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMG_5609.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8281\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMG_5609.jpg 660w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMG_5609-362x300.jpg 362w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>D\u00fcnyada 200 milyon s\u00fcnnetli kad\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Dursun \u00d6zden (Travel Writer, Documentarist) Yakla\u015f\u0131k 40 y\u0131ld\u0131r, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 gazeteci, gezi yazar\u0131 ve belgeselci olarak, gitti\u011fim co\u011frafyalarda, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n 99 haline tan\u0131kl\u0131k ettim. Medeniyetlerin zengin ve bereketi&nbsp; miras\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Anadolu topraklar\u0131n\u0131 ar\u015f\u0131nlad\u0131m. Hayat\u0131 ke\u015ffetme, bilinmeyeni \u00f6\u011frenme, ara\u015ft\u0131rma&nbsp; ve belgeleme merak\u0131m, beni yollara d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc. Okudum, gezdim, resimledim ve yazd\u0131m. Yar\u0131nlara eser &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":8558,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[66,65],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8255"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8255"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8255\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8559,"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8255\/revisions\/8559"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/8558"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8255"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8255"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8255"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}