{"id":8030,"date":"2020-06-12T22:33:48","date_gmt":"2020-06-12T19:33:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/?p=8030"},"modified":"2020-08-16T23:42:34","modified_gmt":"2020-08-16T20:42:34","slug":"milli-mucadelede-sovyet-destegi-arastirma","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/?p=8030","title":{"rendered":"Taksim An\u0131t\u0131 ve Milli M\u00fccadelede Sovyetler Birli\u011fi Yard\u0131mlar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>T\u00fcrk Heyeti K\u0131z\u0131l Meydan\u2019da<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sovyet Heyeti Taksim\u2019de,&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>\u0130<\/strong><strong>smet Pa<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>a Moskova 1 May\u0131s&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>\u0130\u015f<\/strong><strong>\u00e7i Bayram\u0131\u2019nda&#8230;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1922 y\u0131l\u0131 Mart ay\u0131 ortalar\u0131nda Mustafa Kemal Pa<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>a; Kafkas Sovyeti B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>\u0130<\/strong><strong>brahim Abilov, Sovyetler Birli<\/strong><strong>\u011f<\/strong><strong>i B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Aralov ve Sovyet Askeri Ata<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>esi K. K. Zvonaryev\u2019i cepheye \u00e7a<\/strong><strong>\u011f<\/strong><strong>\u0131r\u0131r.&nbsp;<\/strong>Zvonaryev 23 Mart\u2019ta, Abilov ve Aralov ise 27 Mart\u2019ta Mustafa Kemal\u2019le g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmek ve T\u00fcrk birliklerinin denetimine kat\u0131lmak \u00fczere cepheye gelirler. Sovyet taraf\u0131 bu gezide, Mustafa Kemal\u2019in uzun s\u00fcre Anakara\u2019da bulunmay\u0131\u015f\u0131 nedeniyle biriken mesafeleri \u00e7\u00f6zmek,&nbsp;\u0130tilaf devletlerinin ate\u015fkes \u00f6nerisini g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmek, yeni T\u00fcrk ordusunu tan\u0131mak ve gereksinimlerini yak\u0131ndan \u00f6\u011frenmek olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 elde etmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca Mustafa Kemal\u2019e Lenin\u2019in g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi 3,5 milyon alt\u0131n rubleyi, askeri giyecekler ve silahlar\u0131 da teslim etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cephede Mustafa Kemal\u2019le \u00f6zel g\u00f6r\u00fc<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>me<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>29 Mart 1922 g\u00fcn\u00fc Mustafa Kemal\u2019le Eski\u015fehir-Sivrihisar\u2019daki ilk g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmede,&nbsp;\u0130tilaf devletlerinin T\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan\u2019a \u00f6nerdi\u011fi ate\u015fkes \u00fczerine konu\u015fulur. Mustafa Kemal de,&nbsp;\u0130smet Pa\u015fa da&nbsp;\u015fartlar\u0131 \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r bulduklar\u0131n\u0131 belirtirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cephede yap\u0131lan di\u011fer g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerin \u00f6nemli g\u00fcndem maddelerinde birisi, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye yap\u0131lacak yard\u0131mlard\u0131r. Mustafa Kemal, Maliye Bakan\u0131 Hasan Bey\u2019in maliyenin i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu a\u011f\u0131r durum nedeniyle&nbsp;\u0130tilaf devletlerinin \u00f6nerilerine boyun e\u011fmek gerekti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde oldu\u011funu anlat\u0131r. Mustafa Kemal, T\u00fcrk halk\u0131n\u0131n emperyalizme boyun e\u011fmeye kar\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011funu, Sovyetler\u2019in T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye yard\u0131m etti\u011fini, bu durumda, emperyalistlere \u00f6d\u00fcn vermemek gerekti\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrerek,&nbsp;<strong>Maliye Bakan\u0131 Hasan Bey\u2019in g\u00f6r\u00fc<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>lerine itiraz etti<\/strong><strong>\u011f<\/strong><strong>ini s\u00f6yler. Mustafa Kemal, yap\u0131lacak yard\u0131mlar konusunda a\u00e7\u0131k konu<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>malar\u0131n\u0131, bundan dostluklar\u0131n\u0131n hi\u00e7bir&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>ekilde zarar g\u00f6rmeyece<\/strong><strong>\u011f<\/strong><strong>ini vurgular ve Sovyetler\u2019deki a<\/strong><strong>\u011f<\/strong><strong>\u0131r durumu hesaba katt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izer.&nbsp;<\/strong>Daha sonra somut isteklerini iletir. Mustafa Kemal, bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde Aralov ve Abilov\u2019un her konuda pek \u00e7ok samimiyet g\u00f6sterdiklerini ve teminat verdiklerini belirtir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cephe ziyareti boyunca Aralov ve Abilov i\u00e7in resmi ge\u00e7itler d\u00fczenlenir<\/strong>. Sovyet ve Azerbaycan temsilcileri, Ilg\u0131n manevralar\u0131na da kat\u0131l\u0131rlar. Mustafa Kemal\u2019in ifadesiyle \u201ckonuklara her tarafta olumlu g\u00f6steriler yap\u0131l\u0131r\u201d. Ancak Birinci Ordu\u2019nun ge\u00e7it t\u00f6reninde s\u00fcrekli kendini \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131karmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Ali&nbsp;\u0130hsan Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n; erlere, \u201cMoskof\u2019tan \u00f6c alan, y\u0131lmaz ordunun b\u00fcy\u00fck kumandan\u0131 Ali&nbsp;\u0130hsan Pa\u015fa&#8230;\u201d s\u00f6zlerinin ge\u00e7ti\u011fi mar\u015f\u0131 okutmas\u0131, Mustafa Kemal\u2019i \u00e7ileden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Ali&nbsp;\u0130hsan Pa\u015fa, daha sonra g\u00f6revinden al\u0131nacak ve&nbsp;\u0130stiklal Mahkemesi\u2019nde yarg\u0131lanacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Birinci Payla<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>\u0131m Sava<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>\u0131&nbsp;<\/strong>sonras\u0131; Emperyalist ku\u015fatmaya kar\u015f\u0131, ilk ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesini zaferle ta\u00e7land\u0131ran&nbsp;<strong>Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pa<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>a<\/strong>\u2019ya maddi ve manevi destek sa\u011flayan ve&nbsp;<strong>Kafkaslar\u0131n Lenin<\/strong>\u2019i olarak bilinenen,&nbsp;<strong>Azerbaycan Sovyeti Ba<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>kan\u0131 Dr. Neriman Nerimanov\u2019<\/strong>un giri\u015fimleriyle&nbsp;<strong>\u0130<\/strong><strong>brahim Abilov,&nbsp;<\/strong>beraberinde<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>getirdi\u011fi yard\u0131mlarla, B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7i olarak Ankara\u2019ya gelir ve Mutafa Kemal Pa\u015fa ile temaslara ba\u015flar.&nbsp;<strong>Cephe boyunca bir\u00e7ok yerde Aralov ve Abilov\u2019a askerlere hitap etme olana<\/strong><strong>\u011f<\/strong><strong>\u0131 verilir.&nbsp;<\/strong>Sovyet B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi&nbsp;<strong>Aralov<\/strong>,&nbsp;<em>\u201cYi<\/em><em>\u011f<\/em><em>it ve soylu T\u00fcrk askerleri!\u201d&nbsp;<\/em>diye ba\u015flayan konu\u015fmas\u0131nda, K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu\u2019nun selamlar\u0131n\u0131 iletirken, T\u00fcrk sanca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131nda&nbsp;\u0130zmir\u2019de dalgalanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgular. Aralov\u2019un konu\u015fmalar\u0131<em>\u201cya<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>a!\u201d&nbsp;<\/em>nidalar\u0131yla kesilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Azerbaycan B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi&nbsp;\u0130brahim Abilov ise, T\u00fcrk askerleri i\u00e7in anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r, sade bir T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ile, Sovyet K\u0131z\u0131l Ordusu\u2019nun&nbsp;\u0130ngiliz, Frans\u0131z ve di\u011fer s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilere kar\u015f\u0131 elde etti\u011fi zaferleri, Ruslar\u0131n \u00c7ar\u0131, kapitalistleri, zenginleri nas\u0131l devirdi\u011fini ve art\u0131k h\u00fck\u00fcmetin halk\u0131n eline ge\u00e7ti\u011fini anlat\u0131r.&nbsp;<strong>Abilov, Sovyet Rusya\u2019n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye destek verdi<\/strong><strong>\u011f<\/strong><strong>ini, askerlerin cephe gerisi i\u00e7in kayg\u0131 duymamalar\u0131 gerekti<\/strong><strong>\u011f<\/strong><strong>ini, K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu\u2019nun cephe gerisini emperyalistlerin sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131ndan korudu<\/strong><strong>\u011f<\/strong><strong>unu s\u00f6yler. T\u00fcrk askerleri, Abilov\u2019u b\u00fcy\u00fck bir co<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>kuyla alk\u0131<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>larlar.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mustafa Kemal ve Kurtulu<\/strong><strong>\u015f&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>Sava<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>\u0131 kumandanlar\u0131; cephe ziyaretinde Aralov, Abilov ve Sovyet Askeri Ata<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>e Zvonaryev\u2019le askeri s\u0131rlar\u0131 payla<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>\u0131rlar.&nbsp;<\/strong>Hatta, B\u00fcy\u00fck Taarruz\u2019un \u00f6ncesinde Mustafa Kemal, Aralov\u2019dan Sovyet El\u00e7ili\u011fi\u2019nde onun da kat\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir resmi kabul d\u00fczenlemesini, bunu b\u00fct\u00fcn Ankara\u2019ya yaymas\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6teki \u00fclkelerin el\u00e7ilerini de \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 rica eder. Plana g\u00f6re, el\u00e7ilikteki kabule yaveri gelerek Mustafa Kemal\u2019in rahats\u0131z oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyecek ve gelemeyece\u011finden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc \u00f6z\u00fcr dileyecektir. Mustafa Kemal, Sovyet temsilcilerini askeri planlardan da haberdar eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130ngiliz gizli ar\u015fiv belgelerine g\u00f6re, T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, B\u00fcy\u00fck Taarruz\u2019dan \u00f6nce Aralov\u2019un temsil etti\u011fi Sovyet H\u00fck\u00fcmetiyle gizli bir anla\u015fma yapar. T\u00fcrkiye, Sovyetler\u2019in onay\u0131n\u0131 almadan Yunanistan\u2019la bar\u0131\u015f&nbsp;yapmayacak; Sovyetler ise, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye Yunanistan\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 yapaca\u011f\u0131 sava\u015fta gereksinim duyaca\u011f\u0131 her yard\u0131m\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. \u00c7ok daha \u00f6nemlisi, bir&nbsp;<strong>Sovyet askeri heyeti, anti emperyalist sava<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>\u0131n etkin bir bi\u00e7imde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesine g\u00f6zc\u00fcl\u00fck etmek i\u00e7in, Kemalist ordunu karargah\u0131nda g\u00f6revlendirilecektir.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ger\u00e7ekten de&nbsp;<strong>B\u00fcy\u00fck Taarruz s\u0131ras\u0131nda, Mustafa Kemal Pa<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>a\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131nda Sovyet kumandanlar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.&nbsp;<\/strong>Bu olgu, foto\u011fraflarla da saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.&nbsp;<strong>Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn B\u00fcy\u00fck Taarruzu d\u00fcrb\u00fcnle izlerken \u00e7ekilen foto<\/strong><strong>\u011f<\/strong><strong>raf\u0131nda hemen arkas\u0131nda yere uzanm\u0131<\/strong><strong>\u015f&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>duran subay\u0131n&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>apkas\u0131 ve kaputu, K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu \u00fcniformas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cephede Mustafa Kemal ve Kad\u0131n Haklar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cephe ziyareti s\u0131ras\u0131nda Mustafa Kemal\u2019in kad\u0131n haklar\u0131 ve gelece\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 tutumu, Sovyet yetkililerin dikkatini \u00e7eker. \u00d6zellikle&nbsp;<strong>Aralov, Mustafa Kemal\u2019in kad\u0131n\u0131n kurtulu<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>unun ve toplum ya<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>ant\u0131s\u0131nda erkeklerle e<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>itli<\/strong><strong>\u011f<\/strong><strong>ini isteyen ilerici tavr\u0131ndan etkilenir.&nbsp;<\/strong>Hatta,&nbsp;<strong>Ahmet A<\/strong><strong>\u011f<\/strong><strong>ao<\/strong><strong>\u011f<\/strong><strong>lu<\/strong>\u2019yla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmede bir Sovyet yetkilisine&nbsp;\u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cA\u011fayev; Rauf, Fethi ve di\u011ferleri gibi h\u00fck\u00fcmet \u00fcyelerinin de bulundu\u011fu Mustafa Kemal\u2019in evinde oturuyormu\u015f.&nbsp;\u015eu sahne ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f. Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa\u2019ya Do\u011fu illerinden etkili bir hoca-din adam\u0131 bir ricaya gelmi\u015f. Pa\u015fa ona, ricas\u0131n\u0131 yerine getirece\u011fini, ama onun da yerine getirmesini istedi\u011fi bir ricas\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015f:&nbsp;\u0130zmir\u2019den kar\u0131s\u0131yla d\u00f6nd\u00fckten sonra hac\u0131y\u0131 kar\u0131s\u0131yla evine davet edecek ve ard\u0131ndan iki \u00e7ift&nbsp;\u015fehirde dola\u015fmaya \u00e7\u0131kacaklar. Pa\u015fa, \u00e7ar\u015fafs\u0131z bir&nbsp;\u015fekilde kar\u0131s\u0131yla el ele gezecek. Hac\u0131 da ayn\u0131&nbsp;\u015fekilde kar\u0131s\u0131yla el ele ve kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ar\u015faf\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kartarak gezmeye s\u00f6z verecek. \u00d6neriye duyan hoca utanm\u0131\u015f, m\u0131r\u0131ldanarak&nbsp;<strong><em>\u201camin\u201d&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong><em>d<\/em>emi\u015f&nbsp;ve dine kar\u015f\u0131 itaatsizlikten bahsetmi\u015f. O zaman&nbsp;<strong>Kemal Pa<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>a,&nbsp;<\/strong>ona&nbsp;\u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u201cBen, sizin dini kurallar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 bilmek istemiyorum. E<\/em><em>\u011f<\/em><em>er beni rahats\u0131z ederseniz hepinizi keserim. T\u00fcrk kad\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>kan, evine ve vatan\u0131na ba<\/em><em>\u011f<\/em><em>l\u0131 ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrd\u00fcr. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131m\u0131z cephede ve cephe gerisinde, erkekler kadar \u00f6zverili gayret i\u00e7indedirler. Modern T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi onlarla birlikte kuraca<\/em><em>\u011f<\/em><em>\u0131z ve ya<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>ataca<\/em><em>\u011f<\/em><em>\u0131z. \u00c7ar<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>afla ve safsata&nbsp;<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>eylerle T\u00fcrk kad\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7a<\/em><em>\u011f<\/em><em>d\u0131<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>\u0131 hurafelerin i\u00e7ine sokmaya kimsenin hakk\u0131 yoktur. \u201d&nbsp;<\/em>Aralov, Sovyet yetkililere \u00e7ekti\u011fi pek \u00e7ok telgrafta, Mustafa Kemal\u2019in kad\u0131nlarla ilgili d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini dile getirmi\u015f&nbsp;ve Sovyet kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n da bu y\u00f6nde geli\u015fmesini \u00f6nermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aralov ve Abilov, cephe gerisiyle birlikte Mustafa Kemal\u2019i daha yak\u0131ndan tan\u0131ma f\u0131rsat\u0131 bulurken, onun b\u00fcy\u00fck devrimci \u00f6zelliklerini a\u00e7\u0131k bir&nbsp;\u015fekilde g\u00f6r\u00fcrler.&nbsp;<strong>Aralov ve Abilov, 5 Nisan 1922 g\u00fcn\u00fc cepheden ayr\u0131l\u0131rlar ve ertesi g\u00fcn Ankara\u2019ya var\u0131rlar. Sovyet Askeri Ata<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>e Zvonaryev&nbsp;<\/strong>ise incelemeler yapmak \u00fczere daha cephede kalacak, hatta \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n oldu\u011fu mevzilere kadar gidecektir.&nbsp;<strong>26 A<\/strong><strong>\u011f<\/strong><strong>ustos 1922\u2019de Kocatepe\u2019de ba<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>layan; Polatl\u0131, Sivrihisar, Eski<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>ehir, Afyon, K\u00fctahya, \u00c7altepe ve Dumlup\u0131nar\u2019a kadar 5 g\u00fcn s\u00fcren t\u00fcm s\u0131cak sava<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>lar\u0131n i\u00e7inde yer alacakt\u0131r.&nbsp;<\/strong>D\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n&nbsp;<strong>Dumlup\u0131nar\u2019d<\/strong>a bozguna u\u011frat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131na da tan\u0131kl\u0131k edecektir. Hatta,&nbsp;<strong>\u0130<\/strong><strong>zmir Zaferi\u2019ne kadar hep cephededir&#8230;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>30 A<\/strong><strong>\u011f<\/strong><strong>ustos 1922 Zaferi, Sovyetler\u2019de co<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>kuyla kar<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>\u0131lan\u0131r<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Azerbaycan B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>\u0130<\/strong><strong>brahim Abilov\u2019<\/strong>un an\u0131lar\u0131nda bu zaferden \u00f6vg\u00fcyle s\u00f6z edilir. \u00c7anakkale Sava\u015flar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ba\u015flayan T\u00fcrk-Sovyet ili\u015fkileri, bu kez daha da peki\u015fir.&nbsp;<strong>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin zaferi, Sovyet Cumhuriyetlerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck etki yarat\u0131r.&nbsp;<\/strong>Sovyet H\u00fck\u00fcmeti, emperyalistlerin ma\u015fas\u0131 Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n Dumlup\u0131nar\u2019da bozguna u\u011frat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, Ankara\u2019ya g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi mesajda \u00e7ok s\u0131cak bir ifade kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u201cSovyet halklar\u0131, Avrupa emperyalistlerine kar<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>\u0131 y\u0131llard\u0131r kahramanca sava<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>an T\u00fcrk halk\u0131n\u0131n sevincini i\u00e7tenlikle payla<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>makta ve T\u00fcrk Ordusu\u2019nun T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi bar\u0131<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>\u00e7\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>ma g\u00fcnlerine yakla<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>t\u0131ran her zaferine, T\u00fcrk halk\u0131yla birlikte sevinmektedir.\u201d&nbsp;<\/em>Zafer kutlamalar\u0131, Sovyet Rusya\u2019da da yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. 2<strong>4 Eyl\u00fcl 1922 g\u00fcn\u00fc Do<\/strong><strong>\u011f<\/strong><strong>u Emek\u00e7ileri Kom\u00fcnist \u00dcniversitesi \u00f6<\/strong><strong>\u011f<\/strong><strong>rencileri taraf\u0131ndan Moskova\u2019da T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin zaferi&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>erefine g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir miting d\u00fczenlenir ve&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>ehir i\u00e7inde, \u00e7ok kalabal\u0131k uzun bir y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc<\/strong><strong>\u015f&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>T\u00fcrkistan Sovyeti Merkez Y\u00fcr\u00fctme Kurulu,&nbsp;<\/strong>emperyalistlere kar\u015f\u0131 kazan\u0131lan T\u00fcrk zaferi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi\u2019ne bir kutlama telgraf\u0131 g\u00f6nderir. 6 Ekim 1922 tarihli telgrafta&nbsp;\u015f\u00f6yle denilmektedir:<br><em>\u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin emperyalist i<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>galcilere kar<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>\u0131 verdi<\/em><em>\u011f<\/em><em>i kahramanca sava<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>\u0131 ve zaferinizi y\u00fcrekten selamlar\u0131z!&#8230;\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130zmir&nbsp;\u0130ktisat Kongresi ve Anadolu\u2019nun Babas\u0131 Abilov\u2019un karanl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc 1918-1923 aras\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir Cumhuriyet olan Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi olan&nbsp;<strong>\u0130<\/strong><strong>brahim Abilov<\/strong>, T\u00fcrk halk\u0131n\u0131n ve Kemal Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u00e7ok yak\u0131n dostu olarak, yaln\u0131z cephede de\u011fil, yeni ve gen\u00e7 T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin sosyal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, siyasi ve ekonomik olarak da kalk\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck yaral\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.&nbsp;<strong>\u0130<\/strong><strong>zmir&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>\u0130<\/strong><strong>ktisat Kongresi\u2019ni \u00f6rg\u00fctlemede onun b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131lar\u0131 vard\u0131r.<br><\/strong>Lozan Konferans\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda;&nbsp;<strong>Moskova\u2019da 30 Aral\u0131k 1922 g\u00fcn\u00fc Rusya, Ukrayna, Belarus ve Transkafkasya Cumhuriyetlerinin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla, Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birli<\/strong><strong>\u011f<\/strong><strong>i (SSCB) kurulur.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131ndan kurtulmu\u015f, saltanat\u0131 kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 17&nbsp;\u015eubat 1923 g\u00fcn\u00fc&nbsp;\u0130zmir&nbsp;\u0130ktisat Kongresi toplan\u0131r. Yeni rejimin ekonomik politikalar\u0131 belirlenecektir. Mustafa Kemal, Kongrede, e\u015fleriyle birlikte davet etti\u011fi Aralov ve Abilov\u2019la burada da \u00f6zel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler yapar ve bilgi al\u0131\u015f&nbsp;veri\u015finde bulunur.&nbsp;<strong>3 ya<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>\u0131ndaki Anadolu<\/strong>, ablas\u0131&nbsp;<strong>Ziba ve anne Tamara\u2019da&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>\u0130<\/strong><strong>zmir\u2019dedir. Onlar, Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u00f6zel konu<\/strong><strong>\u011f<\/strong><strong>udur.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130<\/strong><strong>zmir&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>\u0130<\/strong><strong>ktisat Kongresi 17&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>\u015e<\/strong><strong>ubat 1923 g\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r<\/strong>. Kongre\u2019nin ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Kaz\u0131m Karabekir yapar.&nbsp;<strong>Aralov ve Abilov\u2019la birlikte orada bulunan Astahov<\/strong>, Kongre\u2019nin s\u0131n\u0131fsal ilkelere g\u00f6re toplanm\u0131\u015f&nbsp;olmas\u0131na \u00f6nemle dikkati \u00e7eker. Kongreye T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin her yan\u0131ndan b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcretici s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n temsilcilerin kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kongre, Mustafa Kemal\u2019in konu<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>mas\u0131yla ba<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>lar. Hemen ard\u0131ndan Aralov ve Abilov s\u00f6z al\u0131r.&nbsp;<\/strong>Her ikisi de konu\u015fmalar\u0131nda, a\u011f\u0131r ve kanl\u0131 sava\u015flardan sonra k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn geli\u015ftirilmesi, halk ekonomisinin kurulmas\u0131 konusunda Sovyetler\u2019in deneyimlerini aktar\u0131rlar. S\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcleri kovmak, emperyalizmi ve feodal d\u00fczeni alt etmek suretiyle sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131yla sona erdiren yeni T\u00fcrkiye konusunda, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini anlat\u0131rlar. \u00d6zellikle Abilov, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e olarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmas\u0131nda, ayr\u0131ca karde\u015f&nbsp;Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n ekonomik durumuyla ilgili ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi verir.&nbsp;<strong>Abilov\u2019un konu<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>mas\u0131, Anadolu\u2019dan gelen delegeler taraf\u0131ndan ayakta alk\u0131<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>lan\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130<\/strong><strong>zmir&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>\u0130<\/strong><strong>ktisat Kongresi Kararlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S. Aralov ve&nbsp;\u0130brahim Abilov\u2019un \u00f6rg\u00fctledi\u011fi ve y\u00f6nlendirdi\u011fi Sovyet diplomatlar\u0131 ve bilim adamlar\u0131, d\u0131\u015f&nbsp;kapitalizme kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131mda bir ad\u0131m olarak de\u011ferlendirdikleri&nbsp;<strong>\u0130<\/strong><strong>zmir&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>\u0130<\/strong><strong>ktisat Kongresi\u2019nin kararlar\u0131&nbsp;<\/strong>aras\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle&nbsp;\u015fu noktalara dikkat \u00e7ekerler:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Kongre,&nbsp;<\/em><strong><em>\u201cAmele Teali Cemiyeti\u201d&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong><em>ad\u0131ndaki ilk i<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>\u00e7i sendikas\u0131n\u0131n istekleri de bu karalar i\u00e7inde yer alm\u0131<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>t\u0131r. i\u00e7 pazar\u0131n geni<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>letilmesi ve bu pazar\u0131n ulusal sermayenin eline ge\u00e7mesi yolundaki engelleri kald\u0131rmak, yerel-ulusal burjuvazinin giri<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>imcili<\/em><em>\u011f<\/em><em>inin geli<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>tirilmesi ve \u00fclke ekonomisindeki yerinin g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi i\u00e7in gerekli ko<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>ullar\u0131 yaratmak, emperyalist tekellerin \u00e7al\u0131<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>malar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmak ve ticareti geli<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>tirmek<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>amac\u0131yla bir dizi \u00f6nlemler saptanm\u0131<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>t\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de mal-para ili<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>kilerinin geli<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>mesini engelleyen&nbsp;<\/em><strong><em>\u201ca<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>\u015f<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>ar\u201d<\/em><\/strong><em>\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Frans\u0131z t\u00fct\u00fcn tekeli&nbsp;<\/em><strong><em>\u201cReji\u201d<\/em><\/strong><em>nin kapat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerekli g\u00f6rm\u00fc<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>t\u00fcr. Ziraat Bankas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n k\u00f6yde kredi i<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>ini ve yard\u0131mla<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>ma birliklerini \u00f6rg\u00fctlemekle g\u00f6revlendirilmi<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>tir. Sanayi kurulu<\/em><em>\u015f&nbsp;<\/em><em>program\u0131, yerli sanayi ve ula<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>t\u0131rman\u0131n geli<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>tirilmesini \u00f6ng\u00f6rm\u00fc<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>t\u00fcr. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck zanaat\u00e7\u0131 \u00fcretiminden b\u00fcy\u00fck fabrika sanayine ge\u00e7i<\/em><em>\u015f&nbsp;<\/em><em>gere<\/em><em>\u011f<\/em><em>i belirlenmi<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>tir.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kongre\u2019de Abilov\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm haberi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00dc\u00e7 g\u00fcn s\u00fcren&nbsp;\u0130zmir&nbsp;\u0130ktisat Kongresi, \u00fcz\u00fcc\u00fc bir olaya sahne olur. Kongre \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 otel odas\u0131nda&nbsp;<strong>\u0130<\/strong><strong>brahim Abilov,&nbsp;<\/strong>a\u011f\u0131r&nbsp;\u015fekilde hastalan\u0131r. Mustafa Kemal, Abilov\u2019un kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, kendi \u00f6zel doktorunu g\u00f6nderir. Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn doktoru&nbsp;<strong>Tevfik R\u00fc<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>t\u00fc\u2019<\/strong>n\u00fcn de kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ameliyata al\u0131nan Abilov kurtar\u0131lamaz ve&nbsp;<strong>23&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>\u015e<\/strong><strong>ubat 1923 g\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7ok sevdi<\/strong><strong>\u011f<\/strong><strong>i T\u00fcrkiye topraklar\u0131nda can verir. Mustafa Kemal,&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>\u0130<\/strong><strong>brahim Abilov\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerine Arap ve Hintli uzmanlar\u0131 \u00e7a<\/strong><strong>\u011f<\/strong><strong>\u0131rt\u0131r ve Ebilov\u2019un bedeni 200 y\u0131ll\u0131l\u0131<\/strong><strong>\u011f<\/strong><strong>\u0131na mumyalat\u0131r. Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn talimat\u0131 \u00fczerine Abilov\u2019un na<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>\u0131 gemiyle&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>\u0130<\/strong><strong>zmir\u2019den&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>\u0130<\/strong><strong>stanbul\u2019a ve oradan da Batum\u2019a g\u00f6nderilir.&nbsp;<\/strong>Batum\u2019da yap\u0131lan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir cenaze t\u00f6reninin ard\u0131ndan Bak\u00fc\u2019ye g\u00f6nderilir.&nbsp;<strong>Abilov\u2019un cenazesiyle birlikte, e<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>i Tamara, k\u0131zlar\u0131 Ziba ve Anadolu da Bak\u00fc\u2019ye giderler.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn t\u00fcm \u0131srarlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n; Tamara, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kalmay\u0131 kabul etmez. \u00d6zellikle Atat\u00fcrk, ad\u0131n\u0131 bile kendisinin koydu\u011fu,&nbsp;<strong>manevi k\u0131z\u0131 Anadolu\u2019nun kendisine b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve bir evlad\u0131 olarak onu b\u00fcy\u00fctece<\/strong><strong>\u011f<\/strong><strong>ini,&nbsp;<\/strong>Anadolu\u2019nun do\u011fumunu yapan Dr. Tevfik R\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc Aras arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla s\u00f6ylemesine kar\u015f\u0131n, buna raz\u0131 olmayan&nbsp;<strong>Tamara, \u00e7ok sevdi<\/strong><strong>\u011f<\/strong><strong>i Atat\u00fcrk ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye veda ederek, k\u0131z\u0131 Anadolu\u2019ya da yan\u0131na al\u0131p, s\u0131rlar\u0131yla birlikte Bak\u00fc\u2019ye d\u00f6nerler.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Aralov\u2019un Moskova\u2019ya \u00d6l\u00fcm Telgraf\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u201c<\/em><em>\u0130<\/em><em>brahim Abilov Yoda<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>, 19&nbsp;<\/em><em>\u015e<\/em><em>ubat g\u00fcn\u00fc saat sabah 6\u2019da birden hastaland\u0131. \u00c7ok sa<\/em><em>\u011f<\/em><em>l\u0131kl\u0131yd\u0131 ve&nbsp;<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>imdiye kadar hi\u00e7 hastalanmam\u0131<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>t\u0131. Doktorlar ilk ba<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>ta f\u0131t\u0131k dediler. Ak<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>am doktorlar\u0131n muayenesi sonucu ba<\/em><em>\u011f<\/em><em>\u0131rsak hastal\u0131<\/em><em>\u011f<\/em><em>\u0131 te<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>hisi konuldu ve hemen ameliyat yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istediler. Ameliyat, gece 19.00-20.00 sular\u0131nda,&nbsp;<\/em><strong><em>Kaz\u0131m Karabekir Pa<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>\u015f<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>a\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nerdi<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>\u011f<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>i&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>\u0130<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>zmir\u2019in en iyi doktoru Esad Bey ve Murat Bey<\/em><\/strong><em>taraf\u0131ndan ba<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>lad\u0131 ve iki bu\u00e7uk saat s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Sekreteri&nbsp;<\/em><strong><em>Zeynalov Yolda<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>\u015f<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>,&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong><em>s\u00fcrekli olarak Abilov Yolda<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131nda bulundu. Sabah Dr. Esad Bey bana, durumun \u00fcmitsiz oldu<\/em><em>\u011f<\/em><em>unu s\u00f6yledi. \u00d6yle ki,&nbsp;<\/em><strong><em>ba<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>\u011f<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>\u0131rsa<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>\u011f<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>\u0131n alt\u0131 yerden delindi<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>\u011f<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>ini ve sonu\u00e7ta genel peritonit ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>\u011f<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>\u0131n\u0131&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong><em>ve ayr\u0131ca ikili bir f\u0131t\u0131<\/em><em>\u011f<\/em><em>\u0131n bulundu<\/em><em>\u011f<\/em><em>unu belirtti. Hastal\u0131<\/em><em>\u011f<\/em><em>\u0131n sebebi, d\u00f6rt g\u00fcn boyunca oturacak vakit bulamamas\u0131 ve doktorlar\u0131n tahminine g\u00f6re&nbsp;<\/em><strong><em>yara ve kronik mide \u00fclseri.&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong><em>Abilov Yolda<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>,&nbsp;<\/em><strong><em>\u015e<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>ubat ay\u0131n\u0131n 23\u2019\u00fcnde sabah saat: 6.00\u2019da \u00f6ld\u00fc<\/em><\/strong><em>. \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra kar\u0131s\u0131 Tamara, iki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u0131z\u0131yla kald\u0131. Abilov\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle, b\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den ba<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>sa<\/em><em>\u011f<\/em><em>l\u0131<\/em><em>\u011f<\/em><em>\u0131 dilekleri ve telgraflar\u0131 geldi. Kongre, be<\/em><em>\u015f&nbsp;<\/em><em>dakika ara verdi ve cenazenin g\u00f6nderilmesi i\u00e7in bir heyet kuruldu.&nbsp;<\/em><strong><em>Kemal Atat\u00fcrk, cenaze ve ailesiyle \u00f6zel ilgilendi.\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130brahim Abilov\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden k\u0131sa bir zaman sonra da, Aralov, Moskova\u2019ya d\u00f6nd\u00fc. TKP gerginli\u011fi ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere; Ba\u015fbakan Rauf Bey\u2019in tav\u0131rlar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden ve Moskova\u2019n\u0131n baz\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015f&nbsp;politikas\u0131 nedeniyle, T\u00fcrkiye-Sovyet ili\u015fkileri, yava\u015f&nbsp;yava\u015f&nbsp;k\u00f6t\u00fcye do\u011fru gitmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130<\/strong><strong>brahim A<\/strong><strong>bilov zehirlendi mi?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ekim 2006\u2019da Bak\u00fc\u2019<\/strong>deki evinde kendisiyle \u00f6zel s\u00f6yle\u015fi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m 86 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki&nbsp;<strong>Anadolu Adilova<\/strong>, babas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm nedeni ve kendisiyle ilgili olarak a\u00e7\u0131klanmamas\u0131 gereken s\u0131rlar\u0131n,&nbsp;<strong>annesi Tamara\u2019n\u0131n vasiyeti&nbsp;<\/strong>oldu\u011funu \u00f6zellikle vurgulamas\u0131, beni derinden yaralad\u0131. Abilov\u2019un, son zamanlar\u0131nda \u201c<strong>Sovyet D\u0131<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>i<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>leri Komiseri \u00c7i\u00e7eron\u2019la ve ba<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>tan beri Ali&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>\u0130<\/strong><strong>hsan Pa<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>a, Maliye Balan\u0131 Hasan Bey ve Ba<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>bakan Rauf Bey ile aralar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131&#8230;\u201d&nbsp;<\/strong>Anadolu\u2019nun annesi Tamara\u2019n\u0131n s\u0131rlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yer alan ve Anadolu\u2019nun s\u00f6yledi\u011fine g\u00f6re, babas\u0131&nbsp;<strong>\u0130<\/strong><strong>brahim Abilov\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm nedeni, zehirlenmedir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00f6l\u00fcm nedeni; T\u00fcrk doktorlar\u0131n\u0131n da raporunda, alt\u0131 yerden delinmi<\/strong><strong>\u015f&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>ba<\/strong><strong>\u011f<\/strong><strong>\u0131rsak kanamas\u0131 ve mide kanamas\u0131 sonunda, peridonit olarak vurgulanmaktad\u0131r. E<\/strong><strong>\u011f<\/strong><strong>er,&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>\u0130<\/strong><strong>brahim Abilov zehirlendi ise, kim ya da kimler taraf\u0131ndan ve neden zehirlendi? Moskova ve Ankara ar<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>ivlerinde, mutlaka bunun bir yan\u0131t\u0131 olmal\u0131? Tarihimizin karanl\u0131k sayfalar\u0131ndan biri de bu olsa gerek&#8230;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>T\u00fcrk Bas\u0131n\u0131nda Abilov\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm haberleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130brahim Abilov\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle ilgili&nbsp;\u0130zmir\u2019de yay\u0131nlanan&nbsp;<strong>AHENK&nbsp;<\/strong>ve Ankara\u2019da \u00e7\u0131kan&nbsp;<strong>\u0130<\/strong><strong>LER<\/strong><strong>\u0130&nbsp;<\/strong>Gazeteleri&nbsp;\u015funlar\u0131 yazd\u0131:<br><em>\u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de m\u00fcteve<\/em><em>ff<\/em><em>a Abilov\u2019u \u00f6z karde<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>i gibi sevip saymayan bir tek insan bulmak olanaks\u0131zd\u0131r. Ulusal hareketimizin en k\u0131zg\u0131n an\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekten \u00f6z karde<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>imiz gibi aram\u0131zda beliriverdi.&nbsp;<\/em><em>\u0130<\/em><em>yi ve k\u00f6t\u00fc g\u00fcnlerimizde dostumuzdu.&nbsp;<\/em><em>\u0130<\/em><em>. Abilov, Ankara\u2019da en iyi, yeri doldurulamaz izlenimler b\u0131rakt\u0131.&nbsp;<\/em><em>\u0130<\/em><em>brahim Abilov, \u00e7ok iyi, \u00e7ok mert bir insand\u0131&#8230;.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u201cUlusal kurtulu<\/em><em>\u015f&nbsp;<\/em><em>Sava<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n en ba<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>\u0131ndan beri Azerbaycan B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi olan&nbsp;<\/em><em>\u0130<\/em><em>brahim Abilov, Afyon Taarruzuna var\u0131ncaya dek, b\u00fct\u00fcn cephelerde ve \u00fclkemize kar<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>\u0131 ola<\/em><em>\u011f<\/em><em>an\u00fcst\u00fc bir sevgi g\u00f6stermi<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>tir&#8230;\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130<\/strong><strong>smet Pa<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>a, Moskova\u2019da 1 May\u0131s&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>\u0130\u015f<\/strong><strong>\u00e7i Bayram\u0131\u2019nda<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130zmir&nbsp;\u0130ktisat Kongresi toplanmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan 9 y\u0131l ge\u00e7tikten sonra, k\u00f6t\u00fcye giden T\u00fcrkiye-Sovyet ili\u015fkilerini iyile\u015ftirmek \u00fczere; Moskova\u2019dan gelen bir davet, iki kom\u015fu \u00fclke aras\u0131nda olumlu yank\u0131land\u0131.&nbsp;<strong>Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn iste<\/strong><strong>\u011f<\/strong><strong>i \u00fczerine,&nbsp;<\/strong>Moskova\u2019da yap\u0131lacak&nbsp;<strong>\u201c1 May\u0131s&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>\u0130\u015f<\/strong><strong>\u00e7i Bayram\u0131\u201d&nbsp;<\/strong>t\u00f6renlerine,&nbsp;\u0130smet Pa\u015fa ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki bir heyet gider.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1 May\u0131s 1932\u2019de T\u00fcrk H\u00fck\u00fcmet heyeti, K\u0131z\u0131l Meydan\u2019da<\/strong>ki t\u00f6rene kat\u0131l\u0131r.&nbsp;<strong>\u0130<\/strong><strong>smet Pa<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>a,&nbsp;<\/strong>Sovyet Devlet ve Parti y\u00f6neticileriyle birlikte, trib\u00fcndeki yerlerini al\u0131r.&nbsp;<strong>11 May\u0131s 1932&nbsp;<\/strong>tarihli&nbsp;<strong>Cumhuriyet Gazetesin<\/strong>de yay\u0131nlanan haberde;&nbsp;<strong>Falih R\u0131fk\u0131 Atay,&nbsp;<\/strong>t\u00f6ren izlenimlerini&nbsp;\u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u201cStalin ve arkada<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>lar\u0131 (&#8230;) devrimden \u00f6nce, hapiste ve kald\u0131r\u0131m \u00fcst\u00fcnde giymi<\/em><em>\u015f&nbsp;<\/em><em>olduklar\u0131 esvaplar\u0131 de<\/em><em>\u011f<\/em><em>i<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>tirmemi<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>ler gibidir. K\u0131z\u0131l Meydan\u2019\u0131n emsalsiz insan ve hareket dekoru i\u00e7inde, hepsini yaratan ve b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyaya kar<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>\u0131 yeni bir insanl\u0131k davas\u0131 g\u00fcden devrimciler f\u0131rkas\u0131n\u0131n reislerinin bu sadeli<\/em><em>\u011f<\/em><em>i hakikaten heyecan verir&#8230; Bu harp&nbsp;<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>eridi, Voro<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>ilov\u2019un bir bar\u0131<\/em><em>\u015f&nbsp;<\/em><em>s\u00f6yleviyle ba<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>lam\u0131<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>t\u0131r. Bu bar\u0131<\/em><em>\u015f&nbsp;<\/em><em>duygusu Moskova\u2019da, biz de oldu<\/em><em>\u011f<\/em><em>u kadar samimidir. Fakat her iki devrimin de bar\u0131<\/em><em>\u015f&nbsp;<\/em><em>timsali, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n, kanatl\u0131 topu<\/em><em>\u011f<\/em><em>u kadar yalan olan et g\u00f6<\/em><em>\u011f<\/em><em>\u00fcsl\u00fc bar\u0131<\/em><em>\u015f&nbsp;<\/em><em>orospusuna benzemez. Bizim ki, g\u00f6<\/em><em>\u011f<\/em><em>\u00fcs kemikleri inip \u00e7\u0131kan, halk\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc<\/em><em>\u011f<\/em><em>\u00fc kat\u0131 toprakta aya<\/em><em>\u011f<\/em><em>\u0131 nas\u0131rla<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>an bir ana ve bir k\u0131z karde<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>tir&#8230;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>1 May\u0131s g\u00fcne<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>i, y\u00fcz binlerce halk\u0131n Lenin\u2019in mezar\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnden ge\u00e7en dalgalar\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnde s\u00f6nd\u00fc. Burada halk y\u0131<\/em><em>\u011f<\/em><em>\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n yeknesakl\u0131<\/em><em>\u011f<\/em><em>\u0131 o kadar azalt\u0131lm\u0131<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>t\u0131r ki, ba<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>tan ba<\/em><em>\u015f<\/em><em>a seyredebilmekten b\u0131k\u0131lmaz&#8230; \u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bayram sonras\u0131,&nbsp;<strong>Leningrad ve Harkov<\/strong>\u2019u da ziyaret eden T\u00fcrk Heyeti, 6 May\u0131s 1932 g\u00fcn\u00fc Stalin\u2019le de resmi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler yapar. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Birle\u015fmi\u015f&nbsp;Milletler Te\u015fkilat\u0131\u2019na giri\u015fi ve Balkan Pakt\u0131, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclen konular\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndad\u0131r&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r pek \u00e7ok medeniyete ba\u015fkentlik yapan bir kentin,&nbsp;\u0130stanbul\u2019un s\u0131rda\u015f&nbsp;kimli\u011fi olan&nbsp;<strong>Taksim Cumhuriyet An\u0131t\u0131,&nbsp;<\/strong>kurtulu\u015ftan kurulu\u015fa giden bu kutsal yolda; bir ulusun dirili\u015f&nbsp;\u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn tan\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r&#8230; Milli M\u00fccadelemizde, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 maddi ve manevi yard\u0131mlar i\u00e7in, bir minnet borcu olarak dikilen bu an\u0131t\u0131n; S\u0131raselviler ve&nbsp;\u0130stiklal Caddesi\u2019ne bakan taraf\u0131ndaki kaidede yer alan;&nbsp;<strong>Kemal Atat\u00fcrk,&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>\u0130<\/strong><strong>smet&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>\u0130<\/strong><strong>n\u00f6n\u00fc ve Fevzi \u00c7akmak&nbsp;<\/strong>arkas\u0131ndaki ki\u015filerden;&nbsp;<strong>Sovyet General Voroshilov ve Frunze&nbsp;<\/strong>yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, diplomat&nbsp;<strong>Aralov ve Abilov\u2019<\/strong>u da an\u0131msay\u0131n\u0131z&#8230; 1928 y\u0131l\u0131nda&nbsp;\u0130talyan heykeltra\u015f&nbsp;<strong>Pietro Canonica&nbsp;<\/strong>ve ekibi taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan&nbsp;<strong>Taksim Cumhuriyet An\u0131t\u0131<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131 ziyaret ederken; tarihi bu duygularla selamlay\u0131n\u0131z, yeniden&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Dursun \u00d6zden, www.dursunozden.com.tr<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130stanbul\u2019un S\u0131rda\u015f Kimli\u011fi, Taksim Cumhuriyet An\u0131t\u0131 ve<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Milli M\u00fccadelede Sovyet Yard\u0131mlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Her kentin bir s\u0131rr\u0131 ve her \u00fclkenin bir simgesel kimli\u011fi vard\u0131r.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r, pek \u00e7ok medeniyete ba\u015fkentlik yapan \u0130stanbul\u2019u simgeleyen kimlik nedir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gelin, bir d\u00fcnya cenneti olan bu kentin s\u0131rr\u0131n\u0131 ve bilinmeyen y\u00f6nlerini aralayal\u0131m\u2026&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu s\u0131rr\u0131n kahraman\u0131 olan zaman, ki\u015fi ve olaylar\u0131 de\u015fifre edelim\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir belgeselci ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 yazar titizli\u011fi ile bu s\u0131rr\u0131, s\u0131r olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karman\u0131n heyacan\u0131 i\u00e7indeyim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kimi g\u00fcnlemler vard\u0131r, belleklerden silinmez. Kimi ki\u015fi ve olaylar vard\u0131r, belleklere ve oniks mermer s\u00fctunlara kaz\u0131n\u0131r ve tarihin her d\u00f6neminde tan\u0131kl\u0131k eder\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Taksim Cumhuriyet An\u0131t\u0131\u2019n\u0131n s\u0131rr\u0131 neydi?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130stanbul\u2019un orta yerinde; kurtulu\u015ftan kurulu\u015fa giden yolda, 1928 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130talyan heykeltra\u015f Pietro <strong>Canonica<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan an\u0131t ve bu an\u0131tta yer alanlar\u0131n kimli\u011fi ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerin s\u0131rr\u0131 bu kitapta\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Milli M\u00fccadelemizde, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi deste\u011fini organize eden; Sovyet Rusya Ankara B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Semyon \u0130vanovi\u00e7 <strong>Aralov<\/strong> ve Kafkas Sovyetleri Ankara B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi \u0130brahim <strong>Abilov<\/strong>\u2019un yan\u0131 s\u0131ra; <strong>Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa<\/strong> ile birlikte cephede ve Ankara\u2019da sava\u015f stratejileri \u00fcreten \u00fcnl\u00fc uzman Sovyet Komutanlar: General Mihail Vasilyevi\u00e7 <strong>Frunze <\/strong>ve Mare\u015fal Kliment Yefremovi\u00e7 <strong>Voro\u015filov\u2019<\/strong>un katk\u0131lar\u0131 unutulmad\u0131. Birinci Payla\u015f\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 ard\u0131ndan; <strong>Lenin\u2019<\/strong>in ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekti\u011fi, 1917 Ekim Devrimi ve Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131, 19 May\u0131s 1919 Anadolu Ayaklanmas\u0131; eski d\u00fc\u015fman iki kom\u015fu \u00fclke aras\u0131nda ba\u015flayan, dostluk ve dayan\u0131\u015fman\u0131n simgesel abidesidir Taksim An\u0131t\u0131\u2026&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Taksim Cumhuriyet An\u0131t\u0131\u2019nda; Kemal Atat\u00fcrk, \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc ve Fevzi \u00c7akmak\u2019\u0131n arkas\u0131nda iki Sovyet general var: General Mihail Vasilyevi\u00e7 Frunze ve Mare\u015fal Kliment Yefremovi\u00e7 Voro\u015filov. Bu an\u0131t\u0131n en ilgin\u00e7 s\u0131rr\u0131 ise; t\u00fcrbanl\u0131 ve ba\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k iki kad\u0131n g\u00f6rselidir\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u201cKafkasya\u2019n\u0131n Lenin\u2019i Dr. Neriman Nerimanov\u201d<\/strong> \u00fczerine ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapan ve <em>\u201cAtat\u00fcrk, Nerimanov ve Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u201d<\/em> konulu eser yazan, tarih\u00e7i <strong>H\u00fcseyin Ad\u0131g\u00fczel<\/strong> \u015f\u00f6yle diyor:<em>\u201cSovyetler Birli\u011fi Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Lenin\u2019in yolda\u015f\u0131 olan, Azerbaycan Sovyeti Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 ve \u00fcnl\u00fc yazar Neriman Nerimanov; (1909-1913)\u2019de bir devrimci olarak esir d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc He\u015fterhan zindan\u0131nda tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 esir T\u00fcrk subaylar\u0131 yan\u0131 s\u0131ra; sonra da (1920-1923)\u2019de, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi S. Aralov ve Kafkas Sovyeti Ankara B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi \u0130brahim Abilov arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa ile temas kurmu\u015f ve T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrklerinin Milli M\u00fccadelesine maddi ve manevi destek sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T%C3%BCrk_Kurtulu%C5%9F_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1\"><em>T\u00fcrk Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131<\/em><\/a><em>\u2019na b\u00fcy\u00fck destek verdi, <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk\"><em>Atat\u00fcrk<\/em><\/a><em>\u2019le Nerimanov aras\u0131nda son derece manevi yak\u0131nl\u0131k, dostluk ve karde\u015flik ili\u015fkileri kuruldu. Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, 1921 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nerimanov\u2019a bir mektup yazarak, bor\u00e7 para talep etmi\u015ftir. <\/em><strong><em>Nerimanov, derhal 500&nbsp;kg. alt\u0131n g\u00f6nderdi. <\/em><\/strong><em>Daha sonra, Sovyet Rusya\u2019dan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 <\/em><strong><em>10 milyon alt\u0131n rubleyi de Ankara\u2019ya g\u00f6nderdi.<\/em><\/strong><em> Bu yard\u0131mlarla sava\u015f i\u00e7indeki \u00fclkenin durumunda belirgin bir d\u00fczelme oldu. Kurtulu\u015f sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n en tehlikeli g\u00fcnlerinde, bir karde\u015f olarak elini uzatan ve elinden gelen her t\u00fcrl\u00fc yard\u0131mlar\u0131 yaparak, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nden T\u00fcrk Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na b\u00fcy\u00fck destek ve yard\u0131mlarda bulunan Neriman Nerimanov, bir kom\u00fcnist olsa bile T\u00fcrk oldu\u011fundan, hakiki T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7isi oldu\u011fundan zerre kadar \u015f\u00fcphesi olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nerimanov\u2019un kom\u00fcnist olmas\u0131, bize yard\u0131m etmesine engel olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, bizler de onun kom\u00fcnist olmas\u0131na bakmaks\u0131z\u0131n, onun T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrkleri ve T\u00fcrk milleti i\u00e7in yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 asla unutamay\u0131z. Tarih oldu\u011fu gibi, yaz\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r ki; T\u00fcrk Birli\u011finin temeli sa\u011flam olsun!..\u201d<\/em><strong><em> (Respublika Gazetesi, 19 Haziran 2019)<\/em>.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Taksim Cumhuriyet An\u0131t\u0131<\/strong> kaidesine esin kayna\u011f\u0131 olan; zaman, ki\u015fi ve olaylar\u0131n bilinmeyen y\u00f6nleri ve s\u0131rlar\u0131; \u015fu ba\u015fl\u0131klarda yer al\u0131yor: Taksim An\u0131t\u0131 \u0130halesi ve Maliyeti, An\u0131t\u0131n Tarih\u00e7esi ve Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u0130stekleri, An\u0131t\u0131n Eksik A\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve \u0130talyan Heykeltra\u015f Pietro Canonica, An\u0131t\u0131n \u00d6zellikleri ve An\u0131tta Kimler Var? An\u0131ta Para Bulunamad\u0131, <strong>An\u0131t\u0131n S\u0131rda\u015f Hikayesi,<\/strong> <strong>An\u0131t ve Taksim Meydan\u0131 Nelere Tan\u0131k Oldu?<\/strong> An\u0131tta yer alan ki\u015filer: Milli M\u00fccadele Saflar\u0131nda General Kliment Yefremovich <strong>Voroshilov <\/strong>Kimdir? Sovyet Diplomat <strong>Aralov <\/strong>Ankara\u2019da, Milli M\u00fccadeledeGeneral Mihail Vasilyevi\u00e7 <strong>Frunze <\/strong>Kimdir? Milli M\u00fccadelede Yeni M\u00fcttefikler, <strong>Atat\u00fcrk &#8211; Lenin Mektupla\u015fmas\u0131, <\/strong>Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn Lenin\u2019e Yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Son Mektup, Milli M\u00fccadelede Sovyet Yard\u0131mlar\u0131 ve <strong>\u0130brahim Abilov<\/strong>\u2019un Hat\u0131rat\u0131 ve K\u0131z\u0131 Anadolu, <strong>Abilov\u2019u \u0130zmir \u0130ktisat Kongresi\u2019nde Kim \u00d6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc?<\/strong> Frunze\u2019nin T\u00fcrkiye An\u0131lar\u0131, Tro\u00e7ki \u0130stanbul B\u00fcy\u00fckada\u2019da, Milli M\u00fccadelede <strong>T\u00fcrk Solu (1920)<\/strong>, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi Yard\u0131mlar\u0131 Listesi, Emperyalizme Kar\u015f\u0131 Sovyet Rusya ile \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi, Lenin\u2019den Atat\u00fcrk\u2019e Mektuplar ve De\u011ferlendirmesi, Taksim An\u0131t\u0131 Heykeltra\u015f\u0131 <strong>Pietro Canonica<\/strong> Kimdir? Canonica\u2019n\u0131n D\u00fcnyada ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki ba\u015fka eserleri, U\u015fak\u2019ta Canonica \u0130mzal\u0131 Atat\u00fcrk B\u00fcst\u00fc, Yontucu <strong>Sabiha Ziya Beng\u00fcta\u015f <\/strong>Kimdir? Yontucu <strong>Ali Hadi Bara<\/strong> Kimdir? Laventan Mimar <strong>Roberto Giulio Mongeri<\/strong> Kimdir? Taksim An\u0131t\u0131, \u0130stanbul\u2019un S\u0131rda\u015f Kimli\u011fi, Bir As\u0131rl\u0131k Dostluk: T\u00fcrkiye-Sovyet Rusya, Moskova Antla\u015fmas\u0131 Tam Metni, Ankara Antla\u015fmas\u0131 Tam Metni ve Milli M\u00fccadelede, Sovyet yard\u0131mlar\u0131 ve An\u0131t\u0131n yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcndeki bilinmeyen belge, bilgi ve kaynak\u00e7alar\u0131n \u00e7ok <strong>\u00f6zel foto\u011fraflar\u0131<\/strong> yer almaktad\u0131r\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u201cBenim esin kayna\u011f\u0131m: T\u00fcrk mitolojileri, efsaneleri, \u015faman danslar\u0131, masallar\u0131, destanlar\u0131, folklor\u00fc ve dil bayra\u011f\u0131m\u0131z T\u00fcrk\u00e7edir\u201d <\/em>diyen; <strong>Naz\u0131m Hikmet\u2019e \u201c\u0130van \u0130vanovi\u00e7 Var m\u0131yd\u0131, Yok muydu?\u201d<\/strong> adl\u0131 eserine esin kayna\u011f\u0131 olan; <em>\u2018550 y\u0131l \u00f6nce, Tataristan\u2019\u0131n Volga Irma\u011f\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131na bulunan Kazan kentini yakan <\/em><strong><em>Korkun\u00e7 \u0130van\u2019<\/em><\/strong> ile ba\u015flayan kin ve nefret tohumlar\u0131; \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131-Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde de s\u00fcrd\u00fc. \u0130ki kom\u015fu \u00fclke aras\u0131nda, 20. yy. ba\u015f\u0131nda ye\u015feren, emek odakl\u0131 iyi kom\u015fuluk ili\u015fkileri, dostluk ve bar\u0131\u015f; Ankara ve Moskova Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile ta\u00e7land\u0131. \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 geli\u015fen olaylar, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin NATO\u2019ya giri\u015fi ve So\u011fuk Sava\u015f nedeniyle artan diplomatik krizlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra; bu g\u00fcnlerde zaman zaman artan ve durulan gerginliklerin tek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc; <strong>1917 ve 1919 Ruhundad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn kal\u0131c\u0131 s\u0131rr\u0131 ise, iki kom\u015fu \u00fclke aras\u0131nda ye\u015feren bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n ve dayan\u0131\u015fman\u0131n adresi: Lenin &#8211; Atat\u00fcrk mektuplar\u0131n\u0131n dip notlar\u0131nda sakl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/strong> Naz\u0131m Hikmet ile Konstantin Simonov dostlu\u011funda ve bir kentin simgesi ve s\u0131rda\u015f kimli\u011fi olan; \u0130stanbul Taksim Cumhuriyet An\u0131t\u0131\u2019n\u0131n h\u00fczn\u00fc ve co\u015fkusu olan; Kanl\u0131 Pazar, 1 May\u0131s 1976-77-78, Onat Kutlar ve Gezi gibi bir asra yak\u0131n zamand\u0131r tan\u0131k oldu\u011fu ki\u015fi, olay ve yitik zaman\u0131n \u00f6te yakas\u0131ndaki \u2018siz\u2019de sakl\u0131\u2026&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Haydi, i\u00e7imizdeki \u2018sizi\u2019 &#8211; \u2018bizi\u2019 ke\u015ffedelim, yeniden\u2026 <strong><em>\u201cYurtta bar\u0131\u015f, D\u00fcnyada bar\u0131\u015f!..\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ile Ankara H\u00fck\u00fcmeti ili\u015fkileri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Milli M\u00fccadelede Sovyet Yard\u0131mlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Osmanl%C4%B1_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu\">Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu<\/a>, 3 Mart 1918&#8217;de Rusya&#8217;daki yeni <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bol%C5%9Fevizm\">Bol\u015fevik<\/a> H\u00fck\u00fbmeti ve <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C4%B0ttifak_Devletleri\">\u0130ttifak Devletleri<\/a> ile<a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brest_Litovsk_Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_Antla%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1\"><strong>Brest-Litovsk Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong><\/a>&#8216;n\u0131 imzalad\u0131. Anla\u015fma sonras\u0131nda <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kars\">Kars<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ardahan\">Ardahan<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Artvin\">Artvin<\/a> ve (sonradan Sovyetler\u2019e verilecek olan) <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Batum\">Batum<\/a>, Osmanl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1917&#8217;deki <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ekim_Devrimi\">Ekim Devrimi<\/a> sonras\u0131nda kurulan <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sovyetler_Birli%C4%9Fi\">Sovyetler Birli\u011fi<\/a>, d\u00fcnyadaki t\u00fcm sosyalist hareketlere, emekten yana ve vatansever ayaklanmalara destek vermi\u015f, bununla birlikte <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S%C3%B6m%C3%BCrgecilik\">s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci<\/a> ve <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emperyalizm\">emperyalist<\/a> m\u00fcdahalelere kar\u015f\u0131 da m\u00fccadele etmi\u015ftir. M\u00fccadele eden \u00fclkelerle de dayan\u0131\u015fma yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u00f6nemin politik ortam\u0131nda Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, TBMM H\u00fck\u00fbmeti ile dostane ili\u015fkiler kurmay\u0131 \u00f6nemsiyordu. Bu dostluk her iki \u00fclkenin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na uygun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyordu. Ankara, bu dostluk sayesinde i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu uluslararas\u0131 platformdaki yaln\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kurtulmay\u0131, ayr\u0131ca Do\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flayarak, Bat\u0131&#8217;daki i\u015fgal g\u00fc\u00e7lerine kar\u015f\u0131 daha \u00f6zg\u00fcvenle m\u00fccadele verebilmeyi ama\u00e7l\u0131yordu. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ise, ortak d\u00fc\u015fmanlara kar\u015f\u0131 Ankara&#8217;n\u0131n yan\u0131nda olup, asker\u00ee ve mali yard\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n sonucunda, bir s\u00fcre sonrada ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z &#8211; emekten yana yeni kurulacak devlette egemen olaca\u011f\u0131 \u00fcmidini ta\u015f\u0131yordu. Bu ba\u011flamda baz\u0131 Bol\u015fevik Ruslar\u0131n, Anadolu&#8217;da temaslar\u0131 olmu\u015ftu. En bilinenleri <strong>Havza&#8217;daki Mustafa Kemal ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmesi ve <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kliment_Voro%C5%9Filov\"><strong>Kliment Voro\u015filov<\/strong><\/a><strong>&#8216;un ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki heyetin ziyareti<\/strong> olan bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelere bir \u00f6rnek de <strong>Bal\u0131kesir&#8217;de <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_%C3%96zalp\"><strong>K\u00e2z\u0131m (\u00d6zalp)<\/strong><\/a><strong> Bey ile yap\u0131lan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmedir.<\/strong> Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmede <em>&#8220;Kapitalist d\u00fcnyaya kar\u015f\u0131 Sovyet Rusya ile ayn\u0131 fikirde oldu\u011fu ilan edildi\u011fi takdirde, silah, m\u00fchimmat ve mali yard\u0131m yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131, hatta gerekirse, T\u00fcrkistanl\u0131 asker yard\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131&#8221; <\/em>teklifi yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kaz\u0131m Bey, Rusya&#8217;y\u0131 dost bir kom\u015fu devlet olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerini belirtmekle birlikte, bu teklifi kabul etmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>26 Nisan 1920 tarihinde <strong>Mustafa Kemal<\/strong>\u2019in, Ankara H\u00fck\u00fbmeti ad\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 diplomatik ili\u015fkilerin kurulmas\u0131 teklifi, 2 Haziran tarihinde <strong>Sovyet D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Komiseri <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georgiy_%C3%87i%C3%A7erin\"><strong>Georgiy \u00c7i\u00e7erin<\/strong><\/a> taraf\u0131ndan olumlu yan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yan\u0131tta, her iki \u00fclkede diplomatik ve konsolosluk temsilciliklerinin hemen tesis edilmesi iste\u011fi ve T\u00fcrkiye ile Ermenistan ve \u0130ran aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n tespit edilmesinde arabulucu rol\u00fc \u00fcstlenilebilece\u011finin kabul\u00fc de yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>\u201cSovyet H\u00fck\u00fbmeti, T\u00fcrk halk\u0131n\u0131n kendi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ve egemenli\u011fi u\u011fruna verdi\u011fi kahramanca m\u00fccadeleyi canl\u0131 bir ilgiyle izlemektedir. T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in zor olan bug\u00fcnlerde, T\u00fcrk ve Rus halklar\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftirecek dostlu\u011fun, sa\u011flam temelini atmaktan mutlu oldu\u011fumuzu belirtiriz\u2026\u201d &nbsp;<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Geogiy \u00c7i\u00e7erin (Di\u015f i\u015fleri Bakan\u0131.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>TBMM H\u00fck\u00fbmeti<\/strong>\u2019nin fiilen tan\u0131nmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelen bu mektup, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de b\u00fcy\u00fck bir co\u015fku ile kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mektubun metni Anadolu Gazetelerinde yay\u0131mlanarak <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anadolu_ve_Rumeli_M%C3%BCd%C3%A2faa-i_Hukuk_Cemiyeti\">Anadolu ve Rumeli M\u00fcd\u00e2faa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti<\/a>&#8216;nin \u015fehir ve ta\u015fra temsilcilerinin bilgilerine sunulmu\u015ftur. Bu yan\u0131t ile <strong>2 Haziran 1920 tarihi, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ile T\u00fcrkiye aras\u0131ndaki diplomatik ili\u015fkilerin kurulu\u015f tarihi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;deki sol faaliyetler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu d\u00f6nemde Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ile iyi ge\u00e7inmek ad\u0131na, T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;deki kom\u00fcnistlerin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelerine de g\u00f6z yumuluyordu. T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;deki kom\u00fcnistler, iki grupta toplan\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bunlardan Moskova grubu: <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mustafa_Suphi\">Mustafa Suphi<\/a> \u00e7evresinde, Paris grubu ise; <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vedat_Nedim_T%C3%B6r\">Vedat Nedim (T\u00f6r)<\/a> ve <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethem_Nejat\">Ethem Nejat<\/a> gibi Almanya&#8217;da e\u011fitim g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ve Spartak\u00fcs Ayaklanmas\u0131na tan\u0131k olup, Avrupa&#8217;daki Bol\u015fevik Hareketlerden etkilenmi\u015f ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7evresinde toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Oysa o d\u00f6nem, d\u00fcnyadaki bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkedeki <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antikom%C3%BCnizm\">antikom\u00fcnist<\/a> tepkiler gibi <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T%C3%BCrkiye%27de_antikom%C3%BCnizm\"><strong>T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de de kom\u00fcnizme kar\u015f\u0131 bir endi\u015fe ve yer yer tepkiler verilmesi<\/strong><\/a><strong> ba\u015f g\u00f6steriyordu.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>24 A\u011fustos 1920 tarihli bir Frans\u0131z istihbarat raporuna g\u00f6re; <\/strong>\u0130stanbul&#8217;da 3 Rusya ve 13 T\u00fcrkiye vatanda\u015f\u0131 ile kurulan bir <strong>Bol\u015fevik Komitesi<\/strong> \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme faaliyetleri y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcyordu. Komite, \u015fubele\u015fmesini Anadolu&#8217;nun bir\u00e7ok y\u00f6resinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi gibi Azerbaycan, G\u00fcrcistan ve Ermenistan&#8217;daki Bol\u015fevik komiteleriyle de i\u015fbirli\u011fi yap\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Anadolu&#8217;da ise, 1920 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n May\u0131s ay\u0131nda olu\u015fturulan;<a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ye%C5%9Fil_Ordu_Cemiyeti\"><strong>Ye\u015fil Ordu Cemiyeti<\/strong><\/a> ve Haziran ay\u0131nda kurulan <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Halk_Z%C3%BCmresi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\"><strong>Halk Z\u00fcmresi<\/strong><\/a> g\u00fc\u00e7lerini artt\u0131r\u0131yorlard\u0131. As\u0131l silahl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 olan Ye\u015fil Ordu&#8217;nun meclisteki temsiliyetini Halk Z\u00fcmresi sa\u011fl\u0131yor, iki te\u015fkilat birlikte hareket ediyorlard\u0131. En g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerinde Halk Z\u00fcmresi&#8217;nin vekil say\u0131s\u0131 85&#8217;e kadar y\u00fckselmi\u015fti. \u00dcstelik Halk Z\u00fcmresi yanl\u0131lar\u0131 meclis oturumlar\u0131nda hep haz\u0131r bulunduklar\u0131ndan kat\u0131lan vekillerin yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bulabiliyorlard\u0131, bu durum da kararlarda etkili olmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%87erkez_Ethem\"><strong>\u00c7erkez Ethem<\/strong><\/a><strong>&#8216;in 6 bin ki\u015filik birli\u011fiyle Ye\u015fil Ordu&#8217;ya kat\u0131lmas\u0131 <\/strong>ile askeri ve siyasi dengeler de de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eski%C5%9Fehir\">Eski\u015fehir<\/a>&#8216;de \u00c7erkez Ethem&#8217;in sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 mali destekle \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan ve kendisini <strong>\u201c<em>\u0130slami Bol\u015fevik Gazetesi<\/em>\u201d <\/strong>olarak tan\u0131mlayan\u201c <strong><em>Seyyare-i Yeni D\u00fcnya<\/em>\u201d <\/strong>adl\u0131 g\u00fcnl\u00fck siyasi gazeteyi, <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arif_Oru%C3%A7\">Arif Oru\u00e7<\/a> ve Mustafa Nuri kurdular. Daha sonra \u00c7erkez Ethem, <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T%C3%BCrk_Kom%C3%BCnist_F%C4%B1rkas%C4%B1\">T\u00fcrk Kom\u00fcnist F\u0131rkas\u0131<\/a>&#8216;na kat\u0131l\u0131nca, <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yunus_Nadi_Abal%C4%B1o%C4%9Flu\">Yunus Nadi (Abal\u0131o\u011flu)<\/a>&#8216;nin <strong>&#8220;<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yeni_G%C3%BCn\"><strong><em>Anadolu&#8217;da Yeni G\u00fcn<\/em><\/strong><\/a><strong>&#8221; <\/strong>gazetesinin yan\u0131nda, bu partinin ikinci yay\u0131n organ\u0131 olarak (Mustafa Kemal&#8217;in de iste\u011fi \u00fczerine) Ankara\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131 ve yay\u0131mlanmaya devam etti. <strong>Resmi T\u00fcrk Kom\u00fcnist F\u0131rkas\u0131&#8217;<\/strong>n\u0131n bir yay\u0131n organ\u0131 h\u00e2line geldi, ad\u0131 da 83. say\u0131dan itibaren <strong>&#8220;<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Yeni_D%C3%BCnya_(dergi)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\"><strong><em>Yeni D\u00fcnya<\/em><\/strong><\/a><strong>&#8220;<\/strong> oldu. Ethem\u2019in tasfiyesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda da gazete kapanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1-7 Eyl\u00fcl tarihleri aras\u0131nda <strong>Bak\u00fc&#8217;de toplanan <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Birinci_Do%C4%9Fu_Halklar%C4%B1_Kurultay%C4%B1\"><strong>1. Do\u011fu Halklar\u0131 Kurultay\u0131<\/strong><\/a><strong>&#8216;<\/strong>na Ankara H\u00fck\u00fbmeti de bir heyet g\u00f6nderdi. Mustafa Kemal&#8217;e ba\u011fl\u0131 BMM H\u00fck\u00fbmeti temsilcileri, <strong>Mustafa Suphi ve arkada\u015flar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan T\u00fcrk Kom\u00fcnistler,<\/strong> (Kurultay\u2019a kat\u0131lan Enver Pa\u015fa ve arkada\u015flar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar, birbiriyle \u00e7eki\u015fen 3 ayr\u0131 grup idi. T<strong>\u00fcrkler, 235 delegeyle kurultaya kat\u0131lan<\/strong> en b\u00fcy\u00fck grubu olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu arada, Ankara H\u00fck\u00fbmeti\u2019nden<a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hakk%C4%B1_Behi%C3%A7_Bayi%C3%A7\"><strong>Hakk\u0131 Behi\u00e7 Bayi\u00e7<\/strong><\/a>&#8216;in istifas\u0131 \u00fczerine, Dahiliye Vekilli\u011fi bo\u015fald\u0131. <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk\">Mustafa Kemal<\/a>, Albay <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Refet_Bele\">Refet (Bele)<\/a> Bey&#8217;i aday g\u00f6sterdi. Hen\u00fcz \u00fc\u00e7 ay \u00f6nce Haziran ay\u0131nda kurulan <em>Halk Z\u00fcmresi<\/em> ise, Doktor <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naz%C4%B1m_Resmor\">Naz\u0131m Resmor<\/a> Bey&#8217;i aday g\u00f6sterdi. \u0130lk turda kazanan olmad\u0131, ard\u0131ndan Refet Bey, 187 oyun 65&#8217;ini alabilirken, 98 oy alan <strong>Naz\u0131m Bey Dahiliye Vekili se\u00e7ildi<\/strong>. Herkes taraf\u0131ndan kom\u00fcnist oldu\u011fu bilinen Naz\u0131m Bey&#8217;in se\u00e7ilmesi s\u00fcrpriz olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Ancak, 2 g\u00fcn Dahiliye Vekilli\u011fi yapabildi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc <strong>Mustafa Kemal, Naz\u0131m Bey&#8217;in se\u00e7ili\u015fine b\u00fcy\u00fck tepki g\u00f6stererek<\/strong> se\u00e7imi tan\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 beyan etti. Dahiliye Vekili s\u0131fat\u0131yla kendisiyle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeye gelen Naz\u0131m Bey&#8217;i ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeyi bile kabul etmedi. Bask\u0131lar sonucunda Naz\u0131m Bey, iki g\u00fcn sonra istifa etti. 6 Eyl\u00fcl g\u00fcn\u00fc yap\u0131lan yeni oylamada; 131 oy alan <strong>Refet Bey Dahiliye Vekili <\/strong>oldu. Mustafa Kemal, 1927&#8217;de verdi\u011fi <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nutuk_(Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk)\">B\u00fcy\u00fck Nutuk<\/a>&#8216;ta, Naz\u0131m Bey&#8217;i (Sovyetleri kastederek) ecnebi \u00e7evrelere casusluk etmekle su\u00e7lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 8 Eyl\u00fcl g\u00fcn\u00fc Yunus Nadi&#8217;nin y\u00f6netti\u011fi Anadolu&#8217;da Yeni G\u00fcn Gazetesinde, Halk Z\u00fcmresi&#8217;nin program\u0131 yay\u0131nland\u0131. <strong>10 Eyl\u00fcl&#8217;de Bak\u00fc&#8217;de <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T%C3%BCrkiye_Kom%C3%BCnist_Partisi_(1920)\"><strong>T\u00fcrkiye Kom\u00fcnist Partisi<\/strong><\/a><strong>&#8216;nin ilk kongresi Mustafa Suphi&#8217;nin \u00f6nderli\u011finde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Moskova&#8217;da bulunan Halil (Kut), 2 A\u011fustos tarihinde <em>Halil Yolda\u015f<\/em> imzas\u0131yla Mustafa Kemal&#8217;e g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi telgrafta;<\/strong> Sovyetlerin Ankara H\u00fck\u00fbmeti&#8217;nden sosyal program\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131 beklediklerini belirtmi\u015fti. T\u00fcm bu geli\u015fmelerin \u00fczerine, Meclis Reisi Mustafa Kemal 13 Eyl\u00fcl g\u00fcn\u00fc meclise; <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Halk%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1k_(Atat%C3%BCrk_%C4%B0lkesi)\">Halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k<\/a> program\u0131n\u0131 bir \u00f6nerge olarak sundu. Sol g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc bu \u00f6nerge ayn\u0131 zamanda, <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Te%C5%9Fk%C3%AEl%C3%A2t-%C4%B1_Es%C3%A2s%C3%AEye_Kanunu\"><strong>Te\u015fk\u00eel\u00e2t-\u0131 Es\u00e2s\u00eeye Kanunu<\/strong><\/a><strong> yani 1921 Anayasas\u0131&#8217;<\/strong>n\u0131n da ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131 ve ana hatlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturacakt\u0131. 18 Eyl\u00fcl g\u00fcn\u00fc mecliste okunan \u00f6nerge, 18 Kas\u0131m tarihinde baz\u0131 g\u00fcncellemelerle meclisin beyannamesi olarak yay\u0131nland\u0131. <strong>Anti kapitalist ve anti emperyalist vurgular\u0131 yo\u011fun olan metin, 8. maddede de Ankara H\u00fck\u00fbmeti&#8217;ni sol bir kavram olan <em>Halk H\u00fck\u00fbmeti<\/em> olarak tan\u0131ml\u0131yordu.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mustafa Kemal<\/strong>, bu manevras\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda zay\u0131flamaya ba\u015flayan Ye\u015fil Ordu ve Halk Z\u00fcmresi&#8217;nin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc daha da azaltmak i\u00e7in, 18 Ekim tarihinde kendi kontrol\u00fcnde; <strong>T\u00fcrk Kom\u00fcnist F\u0131rkas\u0131&#8217;n\u0131 kurdurdu.<\/strong> \u0130leride tarih\u00e7iler bu f\u0131rkay\u0131, \u201c<strong>Resm\u00ee Kom\u00fcnist F\u0131rkas\u0131 veya Dan\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131 Kom\u00fcnist F\u0131rkas\u0131\u201d <\/strong>olarak tan\u0131mlayacaklard\u0131. F\u0131rkan\u0131n bir amac\u0131 da, Mustafa Suphi&#8217;nin Bak\u00fc\u2019de kurdu\u011fu T\u00fcrkiye Kom\u00fcnist Partisi&#8217;nin Anadolu&#8217;da yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc kesilmek idi. T\u00fcrkiye Kom\u00fcnist Partisi, 7 Aral\u0131k tarihinde Ankara&#8217;da Halk Z\u00fcmresi ve Ye\u015fil Ordu ile beraber \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirerek,<a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T%C3%BCrkiye_Halk_%C4%B0%C5%9Ftirakiyyun_F%C4%B1rkas%C4%B1\"><strong>T\u00fcrkiye Halk \u0130\u015ftirakiyyun F\u0131rkas\u0131<\/strong><\/a> program\u0131n\u0131 ve kurulu\u015f bildirgesini yay\u0131nlad\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye Kom\u00fcnist Partisi&#8217;nin yasal kolu olan <strong>TH\u0130F,<\/strong> b\u00f6ylece T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin yasal bir kom\u00fcnist partisi oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rus_%C4%B0%C3%A7_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1\"><strong>Rus \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/a><strong>&#8216;ndan galip \u00e7\u0131kan <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vladimir_Lenin\"><strong>Vladimir Lenin<\/strong><\/a><strong> \u00f6nderli\u011findeki Bol\u015fevikler ve Sovyet H\u00fck\u00fbmeti, Mustafa Kemal liderli\u011findeki <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T%C3%BCrk_Ulusal_Hareketi\"><strong>T\u00fcrk Ulusal Hareketi<\/strong><\/a><strong>&#8216;ni ideolojik ve jeopolitik hedeflerine uygun olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Lenin&#8217;in ba\u015f\u0131nda oldu\u011fu H\u00fck\u00fbmet, <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rus_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu\"><strong>Rus \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu<\/strong><\/a><strong>&#8216;nun tarihsel iddialar\u0131 olan, <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bat%C4%B1_Ermenistan\"><strong>Bat\u0131 Ermenistan<\/strong><\/a><strong> ve <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T%C3%BCrk_Bo%C4%9Fazlar%C4%B1\"><strong>T\u00fcrk Bo\u011fazlar\u0131n\u0131<\/strong><\/a><strong> kapsayan topraklar \u00fczerindeki planlar\u0131 terk etti.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>22 Kas\u0131m 1920 tarihinde B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi H\u00fck\u00fbmeti, <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Komintern\">Komintern<\/a>&#8216;e kat\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir heyet belirledi. <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T%C3%BCrkiye_d%C4%B1%C5%9Fi%C5%9Fleri_bakanlar%C4%B1_listesi\">D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tevfik_R%C3%BC%C5%9Ft%C3%BC_Aras\">Tevfik R\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc (Aras)<\/a>&#8216;\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 konusunda tart\u0131\u015fmalar olduysa da, onun da i\u00e7inde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 heyet, <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ali_Fuat_Cebesoy\">Ali Fuat (Cebesoy)<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Besim_Atalay\">Besim (Atalay)<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mehmed_Fuad_Carim\">Mehmed Fuad (Carim)<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C4%B0smail_Suphi_Soysall%C4%B1o%C4%9Flu\">\u0130smail Suphi (Soysall\u0131o\u011flu)<\/a>&#8216;dan olu\u015fturulup Kom\u00fcntern&#8217;e g\u00f6nderilmesi kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>18 Aral\u0131k 1920 tarihinde Mustafa Kemal, Lenin&#8217;e bir telgraf \u00e7ekerek Sovyet Rusya\u2019n\u0131n, Da\u011f\u0131stan&#8217;\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mas\u0131 konusunda memnuniyetini dile getirmi\u015f ve bu durumun Bol\u015fevik D\u00fcnya ile M\u00fcsl\u00fcman D\u00fcnya aras\u0131nda olumlu ili\u015fkiler do\u011furaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirterek kendisini tebrik etmi\u015ftir.<\/strong> Ertesi g\u00fcn Moskova&#8217;dan verilen yan\u0131tta, Londra Konferans\u0131\u2019nda Ankara H\u00fck\u00fbmeti aleyhinde kararlar al\u0131nmayaca\u011f\u0131 taahh\u00fct ediliyor. <strong>Sovyetle\u015fen Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n art\u0131k T\u00fcrklere ve di\u011fer M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara d\u00fc\u015fmanca davranmayaca\u011f\u0131, G\u00fcrcistan ile s\u0131n\u0131r sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n giderilmesi i\u00e7in Rusya&#8217;n\u0131n elinden geleni yapaca\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/strong> Ancak hemen, 20 Ocak 1921 tarihinde Bol\u015fevikler bu b\u00f6lgeleri ele ge\u00e7irdikten sonra, Da\u011f\u0131stan Oblast\u0131 ve k\u0131smen Terek Oblast\u0131 \u00fczerinde <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Da%C4%9F%C4%B1stan_%C3%96zerk_Sovyet_Sosyalist_Cumhuriyeti\">Da\u011f\u0131stan \u00d6zerk Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti<\/a> kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>10 Ocak 1921 tarihinde T\u00fcrklerin kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Birinci_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Muharebesi\"><strong>I. \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc Muharebesi<\/strong><\/a><strong>&#8216;nin devletler ve devlet adamlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemli bir etkisi olmu\u015ftu.<\/strong> O tarihe kadar, hangi taraf\u0131n kazanaca\u011f\u0131 konusunda ku\u015fkulu olanlar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini, Ankara lehine etkilemi\u015ftir. Fakat Sovyetler bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda de\u011fildir. 1920 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonunda, T<a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ankara_H%C3%BCk%C3%BBmeti\">BMM H\u00fck\u00fbmeti<\/a> ve <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ermenistan_Demokratik_Cumhuriyeti\">Ermenistan Demokratik Cumhuriyeti<\/a> aras\u0131ndaki bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131na arac\u0131l\u0131k etmek amac\u0131yla, <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polikarp_Mdivani\">Polikarp (Budu) Mdivani<\/a> adl\u0131 G\u00fcrc\u00fc k\u00f6kenli bir Sovyet siyaset\u00e7i, \u00f6zel bir el\u00e7i olarak T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;ye g\u00f6nderildi. 1. \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc Muharebesi&#8217;nden aylar \u00f6nce, 15 Aral\u0131k 1920 tarihinde Sovyetlerin Ankara el\u00e7isi olarak atanan Mdivani, benzer g\u00f6revle BMM H\u00fck\u00fbmeti ad\u0131na, Moskova&#8217;ya gitmekte olan <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ali_Fuat_Cebesoy\">Ali Fuat (Cebesoy)<\/a> ile <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kars\">Kars<\/a>&#8216;ta bulu\u015fur ve her iki taraf da resmen g\u00f6revine ba\u015flamadan bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme yaparlar. Mdivani, 19 \u015eubat 1921 tarihinde Ankara&#8217;ya gelir ve 5 Mart g\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00fcven mektubunu, <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk\">Mustafa Kemal<\/a>&#8216;e vererek g\u00f6revine resmen ba\u015flar. Ancak bu g\u00f6revi uzun s\u00fcre y\u00fcr\u00fctemez, sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bozuldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6sterilerek g\u00f6revini b\u0131rakmak durumunda kal\u0131r. 2 Haziran tarihinde <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trabzon\">Trabzon<\/a> \u00fczerinden \u00fclkeden ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ali Fuat ve heyeti yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra, <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yusuf_Kemal_Tengir%C5%9Fenk\">Yusuf Kemal (Tengir\u015fenk)<\/a> ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir heyet daha yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve 7 Ocak 1920 tarihinde, Kars&#8217;ta iki heyet bir araya geldi.Yine bu tarihlerde Sovyet Rusya&#8217;ya d\u00f6rt heyet daha g\u00f6nderildi. Bu heyetlerden ilki 8 ki\u015filik b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ilik personeli, \u0130kincisi Kom\u00fcntern&#8217;e kat\u0131lacak olan ve ayr\u0131ca Sovyetleri inceleme g\u00f6revi verilen, Tevfik R\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc (Aras) ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki heyet, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc 4 asker\u00ee ata\u015fe ve d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc de Kuzey Kafkasya Temsilcisi Albay <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bekir_Sami_Kunduh\">Bekir Sami (Kunduh)<\/a>, Azerbaycan Temsilcisi <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Memduh_%C5%9Eevket_Esendal\">Memduh \u015eevket (Esendal)<\/a>, Tiflis Temsilcisi Albay <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Dirik\">K\u00e2z\u0131m (Dirik)<\/a> ve di\u011fer \u00fcyelerle beraber <strong>19 ki\u015filik Temsilciler Heyetidir.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rusya_Sovyet_Federatif_Sosyalist_Cumhuriyeti\">Rusya Sovyet Federatif Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti<\/a> (RSFSC), <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ermenistan_Demokratik_Cumhuriyeti\">Ermenistan Demokratik Cumhuriyeti<\/a>&#8216;nden sonra, TBMM&#8217;yi tan\u0131y\u0131p ili\u015fki geli\u015ftiren ikinci devlettir. <strong>2 Aral\u0131k 1920&#8217;de imzalan <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/G%C3%BCmr%C3%BC_Antla%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1\"><strong>G\u00fcmr\u00fc Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong><\/a> sonras\u0131nda, Ermenistan Demokratik Cumhuriyeti, TBMM&#8217;ni taraf olarak kabul etmi\u015f, sonraki s\u00fcre\u00e7te, <strong>16 Mart 1921&#8217;de imzalanan <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moskova_Antla%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1\"><strong>Moskova Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong><\/a> ile birlikte RSFSC, TBMM ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelere ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. RSFSC, <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saltanat\">saltanat<\/a> h\u00e2l\u00e2 s\u00fcrerken, TBMM H\u00fck\u00fbmeti ile ili\u015fkileri geli\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <strong>TBMM&#8217;nin 23 Nisan 1920&#8217;deki resmen ilan\u0131ndan sonra, meclisi ve h\u00fck\u00fbmeti ilk tan\u0131yan ve el\u00e7i g\u00f6nderen devlet SSCB oldu.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Moskova Antla\u015fmas\u0131 sonucunda, iki \u00fclke aras\u0131nda dostane ili\u015fkiler kurulmu\u015ftur; Madde 2 uyar\u0131nca, <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kars_Oblast%C4%B1\">Kars Oblast\u0131<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Batum\">Batum<\/a> ve hemen biti\u015fi\u011findeki <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sarpi,_G%C3%BCrcistan\">Sarpi<\/a> K\u00f6y\u00fc T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;ye devredildi. Madde 3&#8217;e g\u00f6re, <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Azerbaycan_Sovyet_Sosyalist_Cumhuriyeti\">Azerbaycan Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti<\/a> alt\u0131nda \u00f6zerk bir yap\u0131da olan <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nah%C3%A7%C4%B1van_%C3%96zerk_Sovyet_Sosyalist_Cumhuriyeti\"><strong>Nah\u00e7\u0131van \u00d6zerk Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti<\/strong><\/a><strong> kuruldu.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu\u2019ya ba\u011fl\u0131 istihbarat te\u015fkilat\u0131 <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GRU\"><strong>GRU<\/strong><\/a><strong> kurucular\u0131ndan olan, asker k\u00f6kenli <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Semyon_Aralov\"><strong>Semyon \u0130vanovi\u00e7 Aralov<\/strong><\/a><strong>, T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;ye b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7i olarak atan\u0131r ve 26 Ocak 1922 tarihinde Ankara&#8217;ya gelir.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130li\u015fkiler \u00e7ok olumlu ilerlerken, <strong>22 Nisan 1922 tarihinde <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%87eka\"><strong>\u00c7eka<\/strong><\/a><strong> polisi Moskova&#8217;daki T\u00fcrk Askeri Ata\u015feli\u011fi\u2019ne bask\u0131n yaparak arama yapar. <\/strong>Baz\u0131 belgelere el kondu\u011fu gibi, personelin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 karar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131l\u0131r. Gerek\u00e7e olarak, baz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n casusluk yapt\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6sterilir. B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7i Ali Fuat (Cebesoy) bunu b\u00fcy\u00fck bir diplomatik nezaketsizlik olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr ve k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lev_Karahan\">Lev Karahan<\/a>&#8216;\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme iste\u011fini reddederek g\u00f6sterir ve Moskova&#8217;y\u0131 terkeder, Ankara&#8217;ya d\u00f6ner. Ancak Ali Fuat, y\u0131llar sonra an\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda; bu konu i\u00e7in, yeni ata\u015fe militerlerin tecr\u00fcbesizliklerinin kurban\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131 yazar. Olaydan 71 g\u00fcn sonra, 2 Temmuz g\u00fcn\u00fc Sovyet H\u00fck\u00fbmeti resm\u00ee olarak \u00f6z\u00fcr diler ve konunun kapand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Daha sonra Ali Fuat&#8217;\u0131n yerine b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7i olarak <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ahmet_Muhtar_Mollao%C4%9Flu\">Ahmet Muhtar (Mollao\u011flu)<\/a> atan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>16 Aral\u0131k 1925&#8217;te <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T%C3%BCrkiye_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Millet_Meclisi\">TBMM<\/a>, heyetini <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cenevre\">Cenevre<\/a>&#8216;den \u00e7ekti, bu nedenle <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Milletler_Cemiyeti\">Milletler Cemiyeti<\/a> Konseyi, tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Musul\">Musul<\/a> B\u00f6lgesini <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C4%B0ngiltere\">\u0130ngiltere<\/a>&#8216;ye b\u0131rakmaya karar verdi. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak, TBMM H\u00fck\u00fbmeti 17 Aral\u0131k&#8217;ta Sovyetlerle kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 sald\u0131rmazl\u0131k pakt\u0131 imzalad\u0131. Pakt daha sonra de\u011fi\u015ftirilerek uzat\u0131ld\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan 7 Kas\u0131m 1935&#8217;te 10 y\u0131l daha uzat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Atat\u00fcrk&#8217;\u00fcn olu\u015facak yeni rejimde, Sovyetler&#8217;in <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Devlet_sosyalizmi\">devlet sosyalizmine<\/a> benzer bir y\u00f6ntem uygulamak istedi\u011fi \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mustafa_Kemal%27in_Samsun%27a_%C3%A7%C4%B1k%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1\">1919&#8217;da Samsun&#8217;a \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n<\/a> ard\u0131ndan<a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Havza,_Samsun\"><strong>Havza<\/strong><\/a><strong>&#8216;da, Sovyet heyetinin ba\u015f\u0131nda bulunan bir albayla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmede<\/strong>, Sovyet albay\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6neltti\u011fi, yeni T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti&#8217;nin bi\u00e7imine y\u00f6nelik <strong><em>&#8220;Yani Bol\u015fevikli\u011fin prensipleri \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015f bir cumhuriyet de\u011fil mi generalim?&#8221;<\/em><\/strong> sorusuna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k; <strong><em>&#8220;\u00d6yle olacak, devlet sosyalizmi dersek, daha do\u011fru s\u00f6ylemi\u015f oluruz&#8221;<\/em><\/strong> yan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015ftir. Bununla birlikte <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Re%C5%9Fat_Kaynar\">Re\u015fat Kaynar<\/a>, 1932 y\u0131l\u0131nda Atat\u00fcrk ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi bir sohbet s\u0131ras\u0131nda, Atat\u00fcrk&#8217;\u00fcn <em>&#8220;Kemalizm, devlet sosyalizmi demektir&#8221; <\/em>dedi\u011fini ifade etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Buna kar\u015f\u0131n, ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T%C3%BCrkiye%27de_antikom%C3%BCnizm\">Anadolu&#8217;da antikom\u00fcnist faaliyetler<\/a> de geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bu kapsamda Kom\u00fcntern delegesi ve <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T%C3%BCrkiye_Kom%C3%BCnist_Partisi_(1920)\">T\u00fcrkiye Kom\u00fcnist Partisi<\/a> kurucusu <strong>Mustafa Suphi, 28 Ocak 1921 tarihinde 14 yolda\u015f\u0131 ile birlikte \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1920&#8217;li ve 30&#8217;lu y\u0131llar, T\u00fcrkiye-Sovyet Rusya ili\u015fkileri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, \u00f6ncesi ve sonras\u0131nda benzeri ya\u015fanmayan bir d\u00f6nem olmu\u015ftur. Do\u011frudan do\u011fruya yap\u0131lan silahl\u0131 m\u00fcdahale tehlikesi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ve zor \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda kalan iki \u00fclke, birbirine kar\u015f\u0131 dostluk politikalar\u0131 izlemi\u015ftir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n, her iki taraftan da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen baz\u0131 giri\u015fimlere ra\u011fmen; iki \u00fclke m\u00fcttefik olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ancak uzun bir d\u00f6nem i\u00e7inde devam ettirilmi\u015f iyi kom\u015fuluk ili\u015fkileri iki \u00fclkenin de yarar\u0131na olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>K\u0131demli bir <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OGPU\">OGPU<\/a> casusu olan <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Georges_Agabekov&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Georges Agabekov<\/a>&#8216;a g\u00f6re, T\u00fcrkiye 1930&#8217;a kadar Sovyet gizli polisi ve casusluk ajanslar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan, Sovyetlere kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fcler y\u00fczl\u00fc ve zarars\u0131z bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n, polis ve istihbarat konusunda T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin i\u015fbirli\u011fi \u00f6nerileri reddedildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ukrayna SSC ile siyasi ili\u015fkiler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ukrayna_Sovyet_Sosyalist_Cumhuriyeti\">Ukrayna SSC<\/a> ile resm\u00ee ili\u015fkilerin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131 Ukrayna Bol\u015fevik Partisi Merkez Komite delegelerinden<a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mihail_Frunze\"><strong>Mihail Vasilyevi\u00e7 Frunze<\/strong><\/a>&#8216;nin ve 40 ki\u015filik bir heyetinin 26 Kas\u0131m 1921 tarihinde ba\u015flayan T\u00fcrkiye ziyaretidir. Heyet \u00f6nce deniz yoluyla <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trabzon\">Trabzon<\/a>&#8216;a gelir ve birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn burada kal\u0131r. Aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda Ankara&#8217;ya gelinir. 25 Aral\u0131k g\u00fcn\u00fc TBMM heyetiyle bir araya gelirler ve Ukrayna-T\u00fcrkiye konferans\u0131 ba\u015flar. Dostluk havas\u0131 i\u00e7inde ge\u00e7en konferans, <strong>2 Ocak 1922 tarihinde T\u00fcrkiye-Ukrayna Dostluk ve Karde\u015flik Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong> imzalanmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sovyetler\u2019in maddi ve manevi yard\u0131mlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mevcut durum<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>30 Ekim 1918 tarihinde, <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mondros_M%C3%BCtarekesi\">Mondros M\u00fctarekesi<\/a>&#8216;nin imzalanmas\u0131ndan sonra; <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Osmanl%C4%B1_ordusu\">Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun<\/a> mevcudu azalt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, silahlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131na el konmu\u015f; <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C4%B0stanbul\">\u0130stanbul<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trakya\">Trakya<\/a> ve Anadolu&#8217;nun bir\u00e7ok b\u00f6lgesi i\u015fgal edilmi\u015fti. Bo\u015falt\u0131lan b\u00f6lgelerden \u00e7ekilen birlikler, 9 kolordu h\u00e2linde yeniden \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Anadolu&#8217;da <strong>&#8220;<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Y%C3%BCksek_f%C4%B1r%C4%B1n\"><strong>y\u00fcksek f\u0131r\u0131n<\/strong><\/a><strong> ve <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metalurji\"><strong>metalurji<\/strong><\/a><strong>&#8221; <\/strong>fabrikalar\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, madeni e\u015fya yap\u0131m\u0131nda ancak hurda demir kullan\u0131labiliyordu. Top, makineli t\u00fcfek, hatta piyade t\u00fcfe\u011finin bile d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan sa\u011flanmas\u0131 gerekiyordu. <strong>Ula\u015f\u0131m yollar\u0131 t\u00fcm\u00fcyle bozuk bir haldeydi. 4.000&nbsp;km. den az uzunluktaki demiryollar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu i\u015fgal kuvvetlerinin kontrol\u00fcndeydi.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mondros M\u00fctarekesi sonras\u0131nda kara g\u00fcc\u00fc: <strong>115.000 personel, 82 a\u011f\u0131r top, 200 sahra topu, 123.191 piyade t\u00fcfe\u011fi ve 1.370 a\u011f\u0131r makineli t\u00fcfe\u011fe d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc<\/strong>. Ayr\u0131ca, 9 kolordunun Trakya&#8217;daki <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1._Kolordu_(Osmanl%C4%B1)\">1.<\/a> Gelibolu ve \u00c7anakkale&#8217;deki <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/14._Kolordu_(Osmanl%C4%B1)\">14.<\/a> ve \u0130stanbul&#8217;daki <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=25._Kolordu_(Osmanl%C4%B1)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">25. Kolordular<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C4%B0tilaf_Devletleri\">\u0130tilaf Devletleri<\/a>&#8216;nin bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda olduklar\u0131ndan, bunlardan yararlan\u0131lam\u0131yor, mevcudun 2\/3&#8217;\u00fc kullan\u0131labiliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Anadolu&#8217;daki \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelerin kaynaklar\u0131, bu \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelerin sava\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn niteli\u011fine g\u00f6re, daha yetersiz ve k\u00f6t\u00fc durumdayd\u0131. Daha \u00f6nce <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Osmanl%C4%B1_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu\">Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu<\/a> d\u00f6neminde birbiri ard\u0131na gelen <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trablusgarp_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1\">Trablusgarp Sava\u015f\u0131<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Balkan_Sava%C5%9Flar%C4%B1\">Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/I._D%C3%BCnya_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1\">I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/a> gibi sava\u015flar nedeniyle, olu\u015fan ekonomik zorluklara ra\u011fmen; <strong>halk Mustafa Kemal liderli\u011findeki \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeye katk\u0131da bulunuyordu. <\/strong>Halktan toplanan yard\u0131mlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda <strong>&#8220;mill\u00ee varl\u0131\u011fa zarar vermemek&#8221;<\/strong> ko\u015fuluyla d\u0131\u015f yard\u0131mlar da al\u0131nmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Bu ba\u011flamda <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sovyetler_Birli%C4%9Fi\">Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birli\u011fi<\/a> (SSCB) ve <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hindistan\">Hindistan<\/a>&#8216;dan ekonomik ve asker\u00ee te\u00e7hizat yard\u0131mlar\u0131 kabul edildi. Bununla birlikte, 1920-1922 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda g\u00f6nderilen bu yard\u0131mlar; <strong>T\u00fcrk Ulusal Hareketi\u2019ne, alt\u0131n ve silah tedari\u011fi sa\u011flad\u0131. Bu yard\u0131mlar Kilikya,&nbsp; <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T%C3%BCrk_Kurtulu%C5%9F_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1_Do%C4%9Fu_Cephesi\"><strong>Do\u011fu Cephesi<\/strong><\/a><strong> ve <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T%C3%BCrk_Kurtulu%C5%9F_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1_Bat%C4%B1_Cephesi\"><strong>Bat\u0131 Cephesi<\/strong><\/a><strong>&#8216;ndeki zaferlerde \u00f6nemli rol oynad\u0131.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Haz\u0131rl\u0131k d\u00f6nemi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amasya_Genelgesi\">Amasya Genelgesi<\/a>&#8216;nin yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131n\u0131n hemen \u00f6ncesinde; <strong>18-22 Haziran 1919<\/strong> tarihleri aras\u0131nda <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amasya\">Amasya<\/a>&#8216;da yap\u0131lan toplant\u0131da, ilk kez Sovyetlerden yard\u0131m alma konusu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcld\u00fc. <strong>Toplant\u0131ya Mustafa Kemal (Atat\u00fcrk), <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/20._Kolordu_(Osmanl%C4%B1)\"><strong>20. Kolordu<\/strong><\/a><strong> komutan\u0131 Ali Fuat (Cebesoy), <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rauf_Orbay\"><strong>Rauf (Orbay)<\/strong><\/a><strong> Bey, <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/3._Kolordu_(Osmanl%C4%B1)\"><strong>3. Kolordu<\/strong><\/a><strong> komutan\u0131 Albay <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Refet_Bele\"><strong>Refet (Bele)<\/strong><\/a><strong>, (Ay\u0131c\u0131 lakapl\u0131) Albay <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mehmet_Arif_Bey_(milletvekili)\"><strong>Mehmet Arif<\/strong><\/a><strong>, Selahaddin Bey, Samsun eski valisi Hamit Bey ve Mustafa Kemal&#8217;in yaveri Albay Kaz\u0131m (Dirik) kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/strong> Toplant\u0131da, ulusal direni\u015f g\u00f6sterme konusunda fikir birli\u011fi vard\u0131, ancak konu Bol\u015feviklerden askeri, ekonomik ve siyasi yard\u0131m almaya geldi\u011finde, anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar ya\u015fand\u0131. Genel kanaat; \u201c<strong><em>Bol\u015fevik yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n onlar\u0131n sistemini kabul ettirmeyi gerektirece\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeydi.\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sovyet Rusya&#8217;n\u0131n ilk yard\u0131m teklifi, 1919 y\u0131l\u0131nda <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Havza,_Samsun\">Havza<\/a>&#8216;da geldi. Mustafa Kemal&#8217;in Albay S. Mihailovi\u00e7 Budienni ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmesinin detaylar\u0131, yaln\u0131z <strong>H\u00fcsamettin Ert\u00fcrk&#8217;\u00fcn an\u0131lar\u0131<\/strong>nda yer almaktad\u0131r. Fakat ilk bir y\u0131lda yard\u0131mlar gelmedi. Bu d\u00f6nemde Sovyetler Anadolu&#8217;daki m\u00fccadeleye hen\u00fcz ideolojik bak\u0131yorlar ve Bol\u015fevizm \u015fart\u0131yla yard\u0131m yapmay\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyorlard\u0131. <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karakol_Cemiyeti\">Karakol Cemiyeti<\/a> ba\u015fkan\u0131 <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mustafa_Vas%C4%B1f_Karakol\">Kara Vas\u0131f (Karakol)<\/a>&#8216;\u0131n, Kafkasya yetkili temsilcisi olarak g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi Baha Said\u2019in, Rusya Kom\u00fcnist Partisi B\u00f6lgesel Komitesi temsilcisi Albay \u0130lya\u00e7ef ile U\u015fak Kongresi Heyeti ad\u0131na 11 Ocak 1920 tarihinde imzalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 antla\u015fma, Bol\u015fevik isteklerine uygundu. Antla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re,<strong> \u0130slam \u00fclkelerinin Bat\u0131 emperyalizminden kurtulmas\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Sovyet tarz\u0131 idarenin kabul ve teyidinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 vaad ediliyordu.<\/strong> Ayr\u0131ca bu antla\u015fman\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, eski <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C4%B0ttihat_ve_Terakki\">\u0130ttihat ve Terakki F\u0131rkas\u0131<\/a> \u00fcyesi bir emekli binba\u015f\u0131 olan Yusuf Ziya&#8217;n\u0131n, Azerbaycan&#8217;dan y\u00fckl\u00fc bir para ile gelip, <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oltu\">Oltu<\/a>&#8216;da, K\u00e2z\u0131m Karabekir&#8217;in bilgisi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, faaliyetlere giri\u015fmesi de Ankara H\u00fck\u00fbmeti ile ba\u015ftan ters d\u00fc\u015fen giri\u015fimlerden biriydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Baha Said&#8217;in d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, Mustafa Kemal ve K\u00e2z\u0131m (Karabekir) taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6revlendirilen <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fuat_Sabit_A%C4%9Fac%C4%B1k&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Fuat Sabit (A\u011fac\u0131k)<\/a> ve <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%96mer_L%C3%BCtfi_Arge%C5%9Fo\">\u00d6mer L\u00fctf\u00fc (Arge\u015fo)<\/a>&#8216;dan al\u0131nan raporlar, toplumsal reformlar olmadan da para yard\u0131m\u0131nda bulunulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor olsa da, geli\u015fmeler aksi y\u00f6nde olmu\u015f ve uzun s\u00fcre yard\u0131mlar g\u00f6nderilmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Geli\u015fen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesinde, <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/M%C3%BCd%C3%A2faa-i_hukuk_cemiyetleri\">M\u00fcd\u00e2faa-i hukuk cemiyetleri<\/a>&#8216;nin sahip oldu\u011fu miktar <strong>20.479.69 TL <\/strong>idi. Maddi yetersizlik, d\u0131\u015f yard\u0131m al\u0131m\u0131 fikrinin ortaya at\u0131lmas\u0131na neden oldu ve bu konu ciddi bir \u015fekilde ele al\u0131nd\u0131. Bu ba\u011flamda Avrupa \u00fclkelerinden yard\u0131m istemenin ve beklemenin do\u011fru olmayaca\u011f\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Bunun i\u00e7in <strong>&#8220;ortak d\u00fc\u015fmanlara kar\u015f\u0131 birlikte hareket etme&#8221;<\/strong> ilkesi gere\u011fince, SSCB&#8217;ye y\u00f6nelindi. <strong>Mustafa Kemal, 26 Nisan 1920 tarihinde,<\/strong> yani <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T%C3%BCrkiye_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Millet_Meclisi\">T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi<\/a> (TBMM) a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan 3 g\u00fcn sonra, \u201c<strong><em>SSCB&#8217;ye yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektubunda <\/em><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emperyalizm\"><strong><em>emperyalizme<\/em><\/strong><\/a><strong><em> kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele i\u00e7in diplomatik ili\u015fkilerin geni\u015fletilmesine paralel olarak 5 milyon alt\u0131n, belirlenecek miktarda silah ve di\u011fer sava\u015f gereksinimlerini talep etti. <\/em><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bol%C5%9Fevizm\"><strong><em>Bol\u015fevikler<\/em><\/strong><\/a><strong><em>, &#8220;emperyalizme&#8221; kar\u015f\u0131 benzer yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 <\/em><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ankara\"><strong><em>Ankara<\/em><\/strong><\/a><strong><em>&#8216;daki ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k hareketine sempati duyuyorlard\u0131\u2026\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Konu hakk\u0131nda <strong>Mustafa Kemal,<\/strong> \u015fu ifadelerle Sovyetlerden yard\u0131m talebinde bulunmu\u015ftur:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>\u201cEvvela mill\u00ee topraklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 taht-\u0131 i\u015fg\u00e2lde bulunduran emperyalist kuvvetleri tard ve atiyen emperyalizm aleyhine vuku bulacak m\u00fccadelat\u0131 m\u00fc\u015fterekemiz i\u00e7in kuvay\u0131 d\u00e2hiliyemizi taazuv ettirmek \u00fczere \u015fimdilik ilk taksit olarak be\u015f milyon alt\u0131n\u0131n ve takarr\u00fcr ettirilecek miktarda cephane vesair vesaiti fenniye-i harbiye ve malzeme-i s\u0131hh\u0131yenin ve yaln\u0131z \u015farkta icray\u0131 harek\u00e2t edecek kuvvetler i\u00e7in erzak\u0131n Rus Sovyet Cumhuriyeti\u2019nce temini rica olunur. Iht\u0131ramat\u0131 faike ve hissiyat\u0131 samimanemizin kabul\u00fcn\u00fc rica eyleriz\u2026\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>26 Nisan tarihli bu mektubun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. Tarih\u00e7i <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Akdes_Nimet_Kurat\">Akdes Nimet Kurat<\/a>&#8216;a g\u00f6re, i\u00e7indeki ge\u00e7ti\u011fi maddeler itibar\u0131yla mant\u0131\u011fa ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r ve Sovyet tarih\u00e7ilerinin propaganda ama\u00e7l\u0131 olarak bu mektubu uydurdu\u011funu iddia eder. Fakat, T<strong>\u00fcrkiye belgelerinde de ayn\u0131 mektuba rastlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>May\u0131s 1920&#8217;de Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ve \u0130ngiltere aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler Londra&#8217;da s\u00fcrerken, Ba\u015fbakan <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Lloyd_George\">Lloyd George<\/a> antla\u015fmaya; Sovyetlerin Ankara&#8217;ya yard\u0131m etmemesi \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 koydurmak istemi\u015f ama ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sovyetler Birli\u011fi Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vladimir_Lenin\"><strong>Vladimir Lenin<\/strong><\/a>&#8216;in bu konu hakk\u0131ndaki ifadeleri ise \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em><sup>\u201cMustafa Kemal sosyalist de\u011fildir. Fakat, g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor ki iyi bir \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc, y\u00fcksek anlay\u0131\u015fl\u0131 bir \u00f6nder. Ulusal burjuva ihtilalini y\u00f6netiyor. \u0130lerici, ak\u0131ll\u0131 bir devlet adam\u0131. Bizim sosyalist devrimimizin \u00f6nemini anlam\u0131\u015f olup, Sovyet Rusya\u2019ya olumlu davran\u0131yor. O, istilac\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 bir kurtulu\u015f sava\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131yor. Emperyalistlerin gururunu k\u0131raca\u011f\u0131na, padi\u015fah\u0131 da yardak\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131yla birlikte silip s\u00fcp\u00fcrece\u011fine inan\u0131yorum. Ona, yani T\u00fcrk halk\u0131na yard\u0131m etmemiz gerekiyor\u2026\u201d<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130lk yard\u0131m\u0131n g\u00f6nderilmesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Moskova&#8217;dan gelecek yard\u0131mlar\u0131 organize edip, ilk resmi sevkiyat\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren ki\u015fi<a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Halil_Kut\"><strong>Halil Kut<\/strong><\/a> oldu. \u0130stanbul&#8217;da tutuklu olan Halil (Kut), ka\u00e7arak <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sivas\">Sivas<\/a>&#8216;a geldi. <strong>Mustafa Kemal taraf\u0131ndan <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nah%C3%A7%C4%B1van\"><strong>Nah\u00e7\u0131van<\/strong><\/a><strong> \u00fczerinden Azerbaycan&#8217;a g\u00f6nderildi.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Halil Kut, D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 \u00c7i\u00e7erin ve yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Karahan&#8217;la g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp, anti-emperyalist bir cephe \u00f6nererek askeri ve mali yard\u0131m talep etti<\/strong>. T\u00fcrkiye heyetinde bulunan Fuat Sabit de \u00c7i\u00e7erin&#8217;e Anadolu hareketinin \u00f6zelliklerini anlatt\u0131. Ard\u0131ndan Harbiye Komiseri <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lev_Kamenev\">Lev Kamenev<\/a> ile de g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclerek, <strong>gizli tutulmak kayd\u0131yla bir milyon alt\u0131n lira, 60 bin t\u00fcfek, 108 sahra topu ve 12 a\u011f\u0131r top yard\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131nda uzla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/strong> Azerbaycan&#8217;daki (Enver&#8217;in \u00fcvey karde\u015fi) Nuri (Killigil) Bey&#8217;in faaliyetleri nedeniyle, bir gecikme ya\u015fansa da; <strong>2 Temmuz 1919 tarihinde yard\u0131m heyeti yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Heyet yard\u0131m\u0131n ilk taksidi olan (125.000 lira kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131) 500&nbsp;kg alt\u0131n ve \u00c7i\u00e7erin&#8217;in Mustafa Kemal&#8217;e yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektubu da yan\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131yordu. <\/strong>Halil Kut, 3 A\u011fustos 1920 tarihindeki raporunda,<strong> 6 sand\u0131k i\u00e7inde, 500&nbsp;kg alt\u0131n para ile yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, yanlar\u0131nda iki m\u00fcsl\u00fcman K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu kurmay subay\u0131 ve 20 kadar asker oldu\u011funu da yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/strong>Azerbaycan \u00fczerinden Anadolu&#8217;ya ge\u00e7erken, Ermeni sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 nedeniyle yard\u0131m\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn toplu bi\u00e7imde ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131. Heyet b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc ve alt\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te biri, Halil Kut taraf\u0131ndan <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1\">Karak\u00f6se<\/a>&#8216;de (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc A\u011fr\u0131) T\u00fcmen Komutan\u0131 Cavit Bey&#8217;e (bir ba\u015fka kayna\u011fa g\u00f6re ise, <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Orbay\">K\u00e2z\u0131m (Orbay)<\/a> Bey&#8217;e) teslim edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>27 A\u011fustos g\u00fcn\u00fc, Karak\u00f6se&#8217;ye varan Sovyet Heyeti\u2019nin getirdikleriyle birlikte <strong>toplam alt\u0131n miktar\u0131: 400&nbsp;kg oldu. <\/strong>Alt\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 yolda terk edilmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Cavit Bey, Sovyet Heyetini 8 Eyl\u00fcl g\u00fcn\u00fc <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Erzurum\">Erzurum<\/a>&#8216;a ula\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Heyeti kar\u015f\u0131layan Karabekir, hemen Ankara&#8217;ya telgraf \u00e7ekerek olumlu haberi bildirdi, <strong>200&nbsp;kg alt\u0131n\u0131 Do\u011fu Cephesi&#8217;nin gereksinimleri i\u00e7in ay\u0131rd\u0131ktan sonra<\/strong> <strong>kalan 200&nbsp;kg alt\u0131n\u0131 Sovyet heyetiyle birlikte Ankara&#8217;ya g\u00f6nderdi.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Halil (Kut)&#8217;un olumlu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerinin ard\u0131ndan, Anadolu m\u00fccadelesi i\u00e7in kritik \u00f6nemde olan 4-11 Eyl\u00fcl 1919 tarihlerindeki <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sivas_Kongresi\"><strong>Sivas Kongresi<\/strong><\/a><strong>&#8216;ne, Mahmudov ad\u0131nda bir Sovyet temsilcisi kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Devam eden yard\u0131mlar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>11 May\u0131s 1920 tarihinde, Ankara&#8217;dan ayr\u0131l\u0131p 19 Temmuz g\u00fcn\u00fc Moskova&#8217;ya varan TBMM heyetinde, Bekir Sami (Kunduh) ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u0130ktisat Vekili Yusuf Kemal (Tengir\u015fenk), Dr. <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C4%B0brahim_Tal%C3%AE_%C3%96ng%C3%B6ren\">\u0130brahim Tal\u00ee (\u00d6ng\u00f6ren)<\/a>, Lazistan mebusu Osman Bey, Kurmay Binba\u015f\u0131 <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seyfi_D%C3%BCzg%C3%B6ren\">Seyfi (D\u00fczg\u00f6ren)<\/a> bulunuyordu. Heyet ilk d\u00f6nem pek iyi kar\u015f\u0131lanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sovyet yetkililerin Ermeni yanl\u0131s\u0131 tav\u0131rlar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri verimsiz k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Heyetin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri s\u00fcrerken, <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sevr_Antla%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1\">Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/a> ile ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn olan 10 A\u011fustos 1920 tarihinde, Bol\u015fevik H\u00fck\u00fbmeti ile Ermeniler aras\u0131nda Moskova&#8217;da bir antla\u015fma yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bu antla\u015fmada Rusya, Nah\u00e7\u0131van ve Culfa&#8217;dan \u015eahtaht\u0131&#8217;na kadar uzanan demiryolu hatt\u0131n\u0131, Ermenilere b\u0131rak\u0131yordu. Yine de 24 A\u011fustos g\u00fcn\u00fc bir antla\u015fma tasla\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>27 A\u011fustos 1920 tarihinde, \u00c7i\u00e7erin&#8217;in Bekir Sami (Kunduh)&#8217;tan Ermenilere toprak verilmesini istemesi \u00fczerine g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler ask\u0131ya al\u0131nd\u0131. Kaz\u0131m (Karabekir)&#8217;in Do\u011fu Cephesindeki ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 sonras\u0131nda, ili\u015fkiler tekrar ray\u0131na oturabildi. Rusya&#8217;dan gelen mali yard\u0131mlar, taksitlerle gelecek olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen; b\u00fct\u00e7eye t\u00fcm\u00fc g\u00f6nderilmi\u015f gibi i\u015flenerek b\u00fct\u00e7e denkle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Baz\u0131 mebuslar bu mali yard\u0131mlar\u0131 hi\u00e7 istememi\u015fler, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu yard\u0131mlar\u0131n Bol\u015fevik \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesinde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131ndan endi\u015fe etmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5 A\u011fustos 1921<\/strong> tarihinde ba\u015fkumandanl\u0131k verilen <strong>Mustafa Kemal<\/strong>\u2019in, hemen 7 A\u011fustos g\u00fcn\u00fc yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 <strong>Tek\u00e2lif-i Milliye Emirleri, <\/strong>deniz yoluyla gelen Sovyet yard\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n verimli hale getirilmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Buna g\u00f6re, b\u00f6lge halk\u0131n\u0131n elinde bulunan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck tonajl\u0131 motorlar (ayda 100 millik ta\u015f\u0131ma \u00fccretsiz, kalan\u0131n\u0131n bedeli verilerek) Sovyetlerin Kafkas Limanlar\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen asker\u00ee ara\u00e7 ve te\u00e7hizat\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. 16-18 A\u011fustos tarihlerinde de Rusya&#8217;n\u0131n Karadeniz Donanma Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile TBMM Hariciye Vekaleti Tuapse Temsilcili\u011fi aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler sonucunda, <strong>yard\u0131mlar\u0131n aras\u0131na iki motor gambit de kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/strong> \u00d6zellikle ta\u015f\u0131nacak malzemelerin daha h\u0131zl\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in al\u0131nan 20 mil s\u00fcratli ve 14 tonluk bu motor gambotlar, 1921-27 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T%C3%BCrk_Deniz_Kuvvetleri\">T\u00fcrk Deniz Kuvvetleri<\/a> hizmetinde kullan\u0131ld\u0131lar.<strong>3 Ekim 1921 tarihinde, Trabzon&#8217;da teslim edilen bu iki sava\u015f gemisinin adlar\u0131 Jivoy ve Jutkiy idi.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Eyl\u00fcl 1920&#8217;den May\u0131s 1922 tarihine kadar SSCB&#8217;nin Ankara H\u00fck\u00fbmetine maddi yard\u0131m\u0131 11.028.012 TL idi.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu yard\u0131mlar\u0131n toplam miktarlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda kesin bilgiler yoktur ve var olan bilgi ve belgeler aras\u0131nda tutars\u0131zl\u0131klar bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bunun temel nedeni, Ankara H\u00fck\u00fbmeti&#8217;nin al\u0131nan yard\u0131mlar\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu kadar gizli tutmak istemesiydi. \u00d6zellikle Karadeniz yoluyla gelen yard\u0131mlar\u0131n bilinmesinin denetimleri artt\u0131raca\u011f\u0131ndan, bunun da yard\u0131mlar\u0131n ula\u015fmas\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck \u00e7\u0131karaca\u011f\u0131ndan, endi\u015fe ediliyordu. Ayr\u0131ca \u00f6zellikle teslim s\u0131ras\u0131nda kay\u0131t tutulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlar, askeri malzemelerin farkl\u0131 isimlerde kaydedilmesi gibi unsurlar da belgelerdeki istatistiklerin birbiriyle uyumlu olmamas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat genel kabul g\u00f6ren Sovyet belgelerine g\u00f6re, <strong>Sovyetler taraf\u0131ndan Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan toplam: 125.000 TL de\u011ferindeki alt\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda, g\u00f6nderilen silah ve m\u00fchimmat listesi \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Malzeme<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Adet<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>T\u00fcfek<\/td><td>39.000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Makineli t\u00fcfek<\/td><td>327<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Top<\/td><td>54<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Fi\u015fek<\/td><td>63 milyon<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Top mermisi<\/td><td>147.000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Avc\u0131 botu<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>El bombas\u0131<\/td><td>4.000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7<\/td><td>1.500<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Gaz maskesi<\/td><td>20.000<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>1<strong>921 y\u0131l\u0131nda da Nisan, May\u0131s ve Kas\u0131m aylar\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcm \u015feklinde toplamda 6.500.000 alt\u0131n ruble yard\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/strong> Sovyetlerin bu s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda verdi\u011fi alt\u0131n ruble yard\u0131m\u0131 <strong>toplamda 17.500.000 rubleyi bulmu\u015ftur.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1922 y\u0131l\u0131nda, <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Josef_Stalin\">Josef Stalin<\/a> ve Orjenitedze gibi G\u00fcrc\u00fc liderler yard\u0131m\u0131n kesilmesini savunmu\u015flarsa da, <strong>Lenin ve <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lev_Tro%C3%A7ki\"><strong>Lev Tro\u00e7ki<\/strong><\/a><strong> yard\u0131m\u0131n s\u00fcrmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Atat\u00fcrk&#8217;\u00fc<\/strong>n Sovyet yard\u0131mlar\u0131 sonras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc \u015f\u00f6yledir:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em><sup>\u201c<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><strong><em>E\u011fer Sovyet Rusya\u2019n\u0131n deste\u011fi olmasayd\u0131, yeni T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin emperyalist istilac\u0131lar \u00fczerindeki zaferi k\u0131yaslanmayacak kadar \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131plarla kazan\u0131labilirdi veya belki de hi\u00e7 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmazd\u0131. Sovyet Rusya, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye hem manevi, hem de maddi yard\u0131m g\u00f6stermi\u015f ve milletimizin bu yard\u0131m\u0131 unutmas\u0131 su\u00e7 olur\u2026\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Belki de; <strong>Taksim An\u0131t\u0131\u2019ndaki<\/strong> \u0130stiklal Caddesi taraf\u0131na bakan y\u00f6ndeki kaidede, Atat\u00fcrk ve \u0130smet Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131nda ve arkas\u0131nda yer alan <strong>Sovyet askeri ve diplomat heyetinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131,<\/strong> bu yard\u0131mlar i\u00e7in, bir te\u015fekk\u00fcr anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r\u2026&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><sup>Kaynak\u00e7a:&nbsp;<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li><em>Herg\u00fcner, Dr. Dz. Kur. Alb. Mustafa (1984). <\/em><strong><em>T\u00fcrk Silahl\u0131 Kuvvetleri Tarihi<\/em><\/strong><em> I. K\u0131s\u0131m. <\/em><strong><em>IV<\/em><\/strong><em>. Ankara: T.C. Genelkurmay Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131. ss.&nbsp;35-36.<\/em><\/li><li><em>Herg\u00fcner, Dr. Dz. Kur. Alb. Mustafa (2003). <\/em><strong><em>Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele&#8217;de Sovyetlerin Kafkas Limanlar\u0131ndan Yap\u0131lan Deniz Nakliyat\u0131 ve Enosis \u015eilebi&#8217;nin Ele Ge\u00e7irilmesi.<\/em><\/strong><em>&nbsp;<\/em><\/li><li><em>Ankara: <\/em><strong><em>8. Askeri Tarih Semineri Bildirileri <\/em><\/strong><em>I. s.&nbsp;509.Jurado C. C.; Bujeiro, R. (2001).&nbsp;<\/em><\/li><li><em>The German Freikorps 1918\u201323 (\u0130ngilizce). <\/em><strong><em>Osprey Publishing. <\/em><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Standart_Kitap_Numaras%C4%B1\"><strong><em>ISBN<\/em><\/strong><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%96zel:KitapKaynaklar%C4%B1\/1-84176-184-2\"><em>1-84176-184-2<\/em><\/a><em>.<\/em><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R%C4%B1fk%C4%B1_Salim_Bur%C3%A7ak\"><em>Bur\u00e7ak, R\u0131fk\u0131 Salim<\/em><\/a><em> (1983). <\/em><strong><em>Moskova G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri ve D\u0131\u015f Politikam\u0131z \u00dczerindeki Tesirleri. <\/em><\/strong><em>Ankara. ss.&nbsp;9-12.<\/em><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_%C3%96zalp\"><em>\u00d6zalp, K\u00e2z\u0131m<\/em><\/a><em> (1971). <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=PyKwAAAACAAJ\"><strong><em>Milli M\u00fccadele (1919-1922)<\/em><\/strong><\/a><strong><em>. Ankara:<\/em><\/strong><em> T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu. s.&nbsp;74. <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Standart_Kitap_Numaras%C4%B1\"><em>ISBN<\/em><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%96zel:KitapKaynaklar%C4%B1\/9789751609939\"><em>9789751609939<\/em><\/a><em>.<\/em><\/li><li><em>Rusya Komintern Ar\u015fivi, 1921 Moskova Antla\u015fmas\u0131 Kararlar\u0131, Moskova, 2010.<\/em><\/li><li><strong><em>Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn Sovyetler\u2019le G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri &#8211; Sovyet Ar\u015fiv Belgeleri,<\/em><\/strong><em> Mehmet Perin\u00e7ek, Kaynak Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2014, \u0130stanbul.<\/em><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"653\" height=\"474\" src=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/6.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8035\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/6.jpg 653w, 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May\u0131s&nbsp;\u0130\u015f\u00e7i Bayram\u0131\u2019nda&#8230; 1922 y\u0131l\u0131 Mart ay\u0131 ortalar\u0131nda Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa; Kafkas Sovyeti B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi&nbsp;\u0130brahim Abilov, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Aralov ve Sovyet Askeri Ata\u015fesi K. K. Zvonaryev\u2019i cepheye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131r.&nbsp;Zvonaryev 23 Mart\u2019ta, Abilov ve Aralov ise 27 Mart\u2019ta Mustafa Kemal\u2019le g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmek ve T\u00fcrk birliklerinin denetimine kat\u0131lmak \u00fczere cepheye &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":8032,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[66,1,65],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8030"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8030"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8030\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8118,"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8030\/revisions\/8118"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/8032"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8030"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8030"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8030"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}