{"id":6250,"date":"2019-04-21T00:53:55","date_gmt":"2019-04-20T21:53:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/?p=6250"},"modified":"2019-04-26T00:23:31","modified_gmt":"2019-04-25T21:23:31","slug":"olumunun-100-yilinda-zapata","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/?p=6250","title":{"rendered":"\u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn 100. Y\u0131l\u0131nda ZAPATA"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn 100. Y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck Sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 ZAPATA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meksika Devrimi ve Emiliano Zapata \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir kitap okudum. Zamanlamas\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcnd\u00fc. Zapata\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn 100. Y\u0131l\u0131nda, tam da bu g\u00fcnlere denk gelmesi\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eimdiye kadar yazm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fum hi\u00e7bir yaz\u0131 da, ki\u015fisel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ve duygusal bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 yans\u0131tmad\u0131m. San\u0131r\u0131m, halk adam\u0131, ger\u00e7ek lider, kahraman, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, devrimci b\u00fcy\u00fck bir insan s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, biraz romantik ve bir bak\u0131ma s\u00fcbjektif olabilirim. Bu hususta aff\u0131n\u0131za s\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131yorum. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cZavall\u0131 Meksika! Tanr\u0131\u2019ya \u00e7ok uzak, Amerika\u2019ya \u00e7ok yak\u0131n\u201d (Meksika Atas\u00f6z\u00fc)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Emiliano Zapata Salazar, 8 A\u011fustos 1879 tarihinde Meksika\u2019n\u0131n Morales b\u00f6lgesinde bulunan Anenecuicil k\u00f6y\u00fcnde d\u00fcnyaya geldi. Tam on karde\u015f olan ailenin 9. \u00e7ocu\u011fuydu. Babas\u0131n\u0131 17 ya\u015f\u0131nda kaybetti. Ailesinin ge\u00e7imini \u00fcstlendi. Ailesine ait topraklarla, O asl\u0131nda toprak sahibi bir efendiydi; ancak herkesin sevdi\u011fi ve sayg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015f biriydi. Otuzlu ya\u015flarda, k\u00f6y\u00fcn\u00fcn koruyucusu oldu. K\u00f6y\u00fcn lider olan Zapata, b\u00fcy\u00fck burjuva ve zenginlerden taraf\u0131ndan topraklar\u0131na el konulmu\u015f \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerle ve k\u00f6yl\u00fclerle m\u00fccadele ba\u015flatt\u0131. Meksika kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k i\u00e7indeydi. Diktat\u00f6r Diaz \u00fclkenin y\u00f6netimindeydi. Y\u0131llar s\u00fcren y\u00f6netiminde ba\u015flarda iyi niyetli bir y\u00f6netim sergilese de, sonralar\u0131nda, \u00fclke topraklar\u0131n\u0131 300 aile aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme hatas\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bu onun sonunu haz\u0131rlamaya yetti. 1911 y\u0131l\u0131nda Madero \u00f6nderli\u011findeki muhalifler taraf\u0131ndan devrildi. Bu muhaliflerin ba\u015f\u0131nda kahraman\u0131m\u0131z Emiliano Zapata vard\u0131. Madero Meksika Ba\u015fkan\u0131 oldu. Zapata ve Madero k\u00f6yl\u00fclere topraklar\u0131n\u0131n geri verilmesi konusunda anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcler. Zapata silahlar\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131rakmay\u0131 reddetti. O sadece k\u00f6yl\u00fclere topraklar\u0131n\u0131n verilmesini savunuyordu. B\u00fcy\u00fck Feodal egemenler taraf\u0131ndan el konulan topraklar\u0131n halka yeniden e\u015fit \u015fekilde da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve fakir halk\u0131n i\u015fledi\u011fi topraklarla a\u00e7l\u0131ktan ve sefaletten kurtulmas\u0131n\u0131 istiyordu. Zapata Cahildi, okumas\u0131 ve yazmas\u0131 yoktu. Sonradan \u00f6\u011frendi ve okuma yazmay\u0131 art\u0131k \u00f6\u011frenen Zapata 1911 y\u0131l\u0131nda Plan de Ayala\u2019y\u0131 yay\u0131nlad\u0131. Merakl\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in tam metini de payla\u015f\u0131yorum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plan de Ayala<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu plan, Meksika\u2019n\u0131n yarar\u0131na olaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen reformlarla birlikte San Luis Plan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n tamamlanmas\u0131n\u0131 da savunan, ba\u015fkald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f orduya ba\u011fl\u0131 Morelos devletinin \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n kurtar\u0131c\u0131 plan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

20 Kas\u0131m 1910 Devrimi\u2019nin \u00fclkeye vadettiklerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek ve desteklemek \u00fczere devrimci bir cunta olu\u015fturmu\u015f bulunan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da imzalar\u0131 bulunan bizler, bizi yarg\u0131layan uygar d\u00fcnya ve ait oldu\u011fumuz ulus kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, bizi ezen zorbal\u0131\u011fa son vermek ve \u00fclkeyi bize dayat\u0131lan diktat\u00f6rlerden kurtarmak i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da form\u00fcle etti\u011fimiz \u00f6nermeleri ilan ederiz:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1) D. Francisco Madero taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen Meksika halk\u0131, \u201cger\u00e7ek genel oy, yeniden se\u00e7ilmeye hay\u0131r!\u201d slogan\u0131 alt\u0131nda savunmaya yemin etti\u011fi kutsal ilkeleri \u00e7i\u011fneyerek, halk\u0131n davas\u0131n\u0131, inanc\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini ve adaletini hi\u00e7e sayarak, tek bir adam\u0131n iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmesi i\u00e7in de\u011fil, haklar\u0131n\u0131 talep etmek ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini kazanmak i\u00e7in kan\u0131n\u0131 ak\u0131tt\u0131. Ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en Madero\u2019nun kendisidir. Bu adam devrime ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve eski cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Lic. Francisco de la Barra\u2019n\u0131n ge\u00e7ici h\u00fck\u00fcmetine kendi iradesini dayatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. B\u00f6ylece, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz zorba i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fclerinin etkisi alt\u0131nda ki\u015fisel ihtiraslar\u0131n\u0131 tatmin etmekten, Ayutta\u2019n\u0131n devrimci kan\u0131yla yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f 1857 \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz yasas\u0131ndan do\u011fan zorunluluklara itaatsizlik duygular\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir hedefi olmayan Madero, komik ve sinsi bi\u00e7imde \u00fclkeyi bir s\u00fcr\u00fc felaketin e\u015fi\u011fine getirdi ve kan g\u00f6l\u00fcne \u00e7evirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meksika Kurtulu\u015f Devrimi \u00f6ncesi Madero, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir zay\u0131fl\u0131k ve d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck yoksunlu\u011fuyla, halk\u0131n ve tanr\u0131n\u0131n deste\u011fiyle ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 devrimi mutlu bir sona g\u00f6t\u00fcremedi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc hi\u00e7bir bi\u00e7imde ulusal egemenli\u011fin temsilcisi olmayacak ve bug\u00fcn bile savundu\u011fumuz ilkelerin amans\u0131z d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 olarak, \u00fclkenin refah\u0131n\u0131 bozan ve \u00fclkenin ba\u011fr\u0131nda yeni yaralar a\u00e7an, Porfirio Diaz\u2019\u0131n diktatoryal h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f \u00f6\u011felerini ve iktidardaki y\u00f6neticilerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu g\u00f6revde b\u0131rakt\u0131. \u015eimdiki cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Madero, kendisini bu g\u00f6reve getiren devrimcileri \u00f6ld\u00fcrerek, hapse atarak, takip ederek, ulusa kar\u015f\u0131 entrikalara giri\u015ferek ve sahte vaatlerde bulunarak Ciudad Juares Anla\u015fmalar\u0131nda belirtilmi\u015f vaatleri k\u0131s\u0131tlayan San Luis Potosi Plan\u0131\u2019nda, ulusa verdi\u011fi s\u00f6zler ve vaatlerden ka\u00e7\u0131nmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Madero, s\u00fcng\u00fc g\u00fcc\u00fcyle vaatlerin yerine getirilmesini isteyen pueblos\u2019lar\u0131 haydut ve asi olarak tan\u0131mlayarak, kanda bo\u011fmaya ve susturmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Yasa, adalet ve akl\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc garantileri bah\u015fetmeksizin, pueblos\u2019lar\u0131 bir imha sava\u015f\u0131na mahk\u00fbm ediyordu. Madero, ger\u00e7ek se\u00e7imleri, gerek cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yard\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na Jose M. Pino Suarez\u2019i veya Morelos halk\u0131n\u0131n zorbas\u0131 s\u00f6zde General Ambrosio Figueroa gibi devlet valilerini halk\u0131n iradesine kar\u015f\u0131n empoze ederek, gerek devrim d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 bask\u0131c\u0131 \u015fefler ve feodal haciendas\u2019lar\u0131n sahipleri cientifico partisiyle, Porfirio Diaz\u2019inkinden daha korkun\u00e7 ve utan\u00e7 verici bir diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck modelini \u0130zlemek amac\u0131yla, ittifak yaparak, halk i\u00e7in kanl\u0131 bir g\u00fcld\u00fcr\u00fcye \u00e7evirdi. Zira Morelos devleti ve di\u011ferlerinde, bunlar\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f tarihin kaydetti\u011fi en korkun\u00e7 anar\u015fiye s\u00fcr\u00fcklerken oldu\u011fu gibi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 ve ya\u015famlar\u0131 hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde saymaks\u0131z\u0131n, yasalar\u0131 ayaklar alt\u0131na alarak, devletlerin egemenli\u011fini \u00e7i\u011fnedi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k ve a\u015fik\u00e2rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerden hareketle biz Madero\u2019yu, eleba\u015f\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011fu devrimin vaatlerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmekte becerikli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan ederiz; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc, halk\u0131n iradesini yan\u0131ltmak i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve sayesinde iktidara geldi\u011fi ilkelere ihanet etti. Y\u00f6netemez, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc pueblos\u2019lar\u0131n adalet ve yasas\u0131na sayg\u0131 g\u00f6stermiyor ve bizi k\u00f6le yapan ve haciendas\u2019lar\u0131n sahibi cientificos\u2019lar\u0131n ho\u015funa gitmek i\u00e7in Meksikal\u0131lar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131layarak \u00fclkeye ihanet etti. Biz bug\u00fcnden itibaren, var olan diktatoryal iktidarlar\u0131n devrilmesine kadar kendisi taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f devrimi devam ettirmeye ba\u015fl\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2) Daha \u00f6nce anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z gerek\u00e7elerle, devrimin \u00f6nderi ve cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Madero, art\u0131k cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak tan\u0131nm\u0131yor ve b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7abalar onun devrilmesi i\u00e7in yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3) Madero\u2019nun yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 C. Gral Pascual Orozco kurtulu\u015f\u00e7u devrimin \u00f6nderi olarak tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve bu nazik g\u00f6revi kabul etmezse, Emiliano Zapata devrimin \u00f6nderi olarak tan\u0131nacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4) Morelos devletinin devrimci cuntas\u0131, ulusa ant i\u00e7erek, Luis Potosi Plan\u0131\u2019n\u0131 baz\u0131 ilavelerle birlikte bask\u0131 g\u00f6ren halk\u0131n yarar\u0131na sunmaya devam edecek ve ilkelerini zafere veya \u00f6l\u00fcme kadar korumaya devam edecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5) Morelos devletinin devrimci cuntas\u0131, Porfirio Diaz ve Madero\u2019nun diktatoryal \u00f6\u011felerinin devrilmesinden \u00f6nce hi\u00e7bir uzla\u015fmay\u0131 kabul etmeyecektir. Zira \u00fclke kurtar\u0131c\u0131 olarak vaatlerde bulunan ama iktidara gelince zorba rol\u00fcne girerek s\u00f6zlerini unutan yalanc\u0131 ve hainlerden yorgun d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6) Plan\u0131n ilave b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u015f\u00f6yle: \u00d6nderlerin, cientificos\u2019lar\u0131n ve haciendas\u2019lar\u0131n sahiplerinin, sat\u0131l\u0131k adaletin g\u00f6lgesinde, gasp ettikleri \u0131rmaklar, ormanlar ve topraklar, pueblos\u2019lar ve yurtta\u015flar taraf\u0131ndan derhal geri al\u0131nacakt\u0131r. Yukar\u0131da zikredilen m\u00fclkleri zorla gasp edenler zafer sonras\u0131 kurulacak \u00f6zel mahkemelere \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7) Pueblos\u2019lar\u0131n ve yurtta\u015flar\u0131n geni\u015f \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu ayak bast\u0131klar\u0131 topraklar\u0131n efendisi de\u011filler. Toplumsal ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde iyile\u015ftirmeden sefaletin korkun\u00e7luklar\u0131ndan ac\u0131 \u00e7ekiyor ve tar\u0131m yapam\u0131yorlar; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc topraklar, \u0131rmaklar ve ormanlar birka\u00e7 elde toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu gerek\u00e7eyle, bu m\u00fclklerin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc sahipleri Meksika yurtta\u015flar\u0131 ve pueblos\u2019lar ejidos\u2019lar, colonias\u2019lar\u0131 elde edip \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak ve s\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in tarlalara sahip olacaklar ve Meksikal\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6nen\u00e7 d\u00fczeyinin iyile\u015fmesi i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7te bir oran\u0131nda tazminat \u00f6deyerek m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirilecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8) Bu plana do\u011frudan ya da dolayl\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kacak \u00f6nderlerin, cientificos\u2019lar\u0131n ve haciendos sahiplerinin m\u00fclkleri kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lacak, bunlar\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te ikisi sava\u015f tazminatlar\u0131na, bu plan\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015f ki\u015filerin dul e\u015flerine ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na ayr\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9) Yukar\u0131da belirtilen \u00f6nlemleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla, duruma g\u00f6re kamula\u015ft\u0131rma ve dezamortisman yasalar\u0131 uygulanacakt\u0131r. Kilisenin mallar\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz Juares taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konmu\u015f mevzuat ve ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde utan\u00e7 verici bask\u0131 boyunduru\u011funu bize dayatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia eden tutucular ve despotlar\u0131 cezaland\u0131ran \u00f6nlemler de bize \u00f6rnek olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1959 y\u0131l\u0131nda zaferle noktalanan K\u00fcba Devriminin esin kayna\u011f\u0131, Emiliano Zapata\u2019ya selam olsun\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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