{"id":2452,"date":"2014-10-25T03:33:46","date_gmt":"2014-10-25T00:33:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/?p=2452"},"modified":"2014-11-02T01:03:28","modified_gmt":"2014-11-01T23:03:28","slug":"cumhuriyet-devrimleri-kulagimiza-kupe-olsun","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/?p=2452","title":{"rendered":"“CUMHUR\u0130YET DEVR\u0130MLER\u0130” kula\u011f\u0131m\u0131za “K\u00dcPE” olsun"},"content":{"rendered":"

$\"yusuf-kupeli\"$ <\/a><\/p>\n

\u00c7A\u011eDA\u015e T\u00dcRK AYDINI T\u0130T\u0130ZL\u0130\u011e\u0130NDE, TAR\u0130H\u0130 GER\u00c7EKLER\u0130 ANIMSAMAK\u2026<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b>Ulyanov Lenin-Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk ili\u015fkileri ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fczerine k\u0131sa notlar\u2026<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b>YUSUF K\u00dcPEL\u0130 <\/b>(Eski FKF Genel Ba\u015fkan\u0131-68 Ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Gen\u00e7lik \u00f6nderlerinden)<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>Anadolu co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcney g\u00fcvenlik ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131<\/b> olan Orta Toroslar (Bolkar) Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kuzey yama\u00e7lar\u0131nda bulunan; tarihin her d\u00f6neminde ve her bak\u0131mdan stratejik \u00f6nemi olan Uluk\u0131\u015fla-Pozant\u0131 ge\u00e7idi, ayn\u0131 zamanda Frans\u0131zlara kar\u015f\u0131 ilk Kuvay\u0131 Milliye hareketini ba\u015flatan (1918) Firari Halk Milislerinin de d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtt\u00fckleri yerdir. \u0130\u015fte tam da buradai, uzunca bir vadinin i\u00e7inde (Alihoca Deresi)\u2019nin en u\u00e7 noktas\u0131nda bulunan, Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan bu g\u00fcne alt\u0131n maden i\u015fletmecili\u011fiyle bilenen ve bir M\u00fcbadele k\u00f6y\u00fc olan Maden\u2019de; \u00a0Aslen Bal\u0131kesirli ve Orman g\u00f6revlisi olan babas\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fi gere\u011fi,12 ya\u015f\u0131na kadar 2200 metre rak\u0131ml\u0131 bu co\u011frafyada ya\u015fayan Yusuf K\u00fcpeli<\/b>; y\u0131llar sonra (1970)\u2019de \u00e7ocukluk arkada\u015f\u0131 olan ve Ankara\u2019da \u00fcniversitede okuyan Darbo\u011faz K\u00f6y\u00fcnden Mustafa Ulusoy ve Beya\u011f\u0131l K\u00f6y\u00fcnden H\u00fcseyin Yavuz gibi \u00f6teki devrimci arkada\u015flar\u0131yla birlikte Bolkar Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019nda bar\u0131nd\u0131lar. Bolkar Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 yurt tutan G\u00f6\u00e7ebe Y\u00f6r\u00fckler ve yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fcler, \u201cEme\u011fin hakk\u0131, Toprak reformu ve Tam Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z T\u00fcrkiye\u201d<\/b> isteyen bu yurtsever gen\u00e7lere sahip \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 (m\u0131?)…<\/p>\n

Aradan y\u0131llar ge\u00e7ti. 68 Ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131<\/b> gen\u00e7lerin bir \u00e7o\u011fu savruldu ve yok oldu\u2026 Bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ise, b\u00f6l\u00fcc\u00fc ve \u201cyetmez ama evet\u201dci oldu\u2026 Yusuf K\u00fcpeli gibi \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc yitirmeyen Anadolu ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 da, sevgilerini emek, karde\u015flik ve bar\u0131\u015f odakl\u0131 bir d\u00fcnya i\u00e7in sebil eyliyorlar\u2026 Tarihin unutulmaya y\u00fcz tutan sayfalar\u0131n\u0131 aral\u0131yor ve ge\u00e7mi\u015ften gelece\u011fe \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131 oluyorlar. Yusuf\u2019u k\u00f6r kuyuya at\u0131p ta\u015flayanlara bile el uzatan bu kutsal y\u00f6neli\u015f, asl\u0131nda kulaklar\u0131m\u0131za k\u00fcpe oluyor\u2026 \u0130yi ki vars\u0131n\u0131z sevgili Yusuf K\u00fcpeli\u2026<\/p>\n

Cumhuriyet Bayram\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n 91. Y\u0131l\u0131nda; Yusuf K\u00fcpeli\u2019nin \u015fu makalesi<\/b>ni sizinle payla\u015fmak istiyorum\u2026<\/p>\n

\u201cSov<\/b>yet Devrimi\u2019ne d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan sald\u0131ran g\u00fc\u00e7ler, ayn\u0131 s\u0131rada Anadolu topraklar\u0131na da \u0130ngiliz kuklas\u0131 Kralc\u0131 Grek ordular\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir ve T\u00fcrk halk\u0131n\u0131n devrimini bu g\u00fc\u00e7le bo\u011fmaya, ba\u015fta petrol olmak \u00fczere; Ortado\u011fu’nun zenginliklerine Grek ordular\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak daha rahat ula\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Moskova ve Ankara H\u00fck\u00fcmetlerini uzun s\u00fcre birbirlerine yakla\u015ft\u0131racak olan bu ger\u00e7ek, ba\u015fta \u0130ngiltere olmak \u00fczere; \u00f6teki emperyalist g\u00fc\u00e7lerin sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131, ortak direnebilme isteminden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/b><\/p>\n

En geni\u015f halk y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n deste\u011fini alm\u0131\u015f olan Ekim Devrimi tamamen demokratik bir toplumsal y\u0131k\u0131m ve yeniden yap\u0131lanma olsa da, ille de olmu\u015f oldu\u011fu gibi olmas\u0131 gereken y\u00fczde y\u00fcz bir zorunluluk veya asla ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lamaz tarihi bir determinizm de\u011fildi… \u015e\u00fcphesiz tarihi toplumsal s\u00fcre\u00e7lerde bir determinizm, toplumsal geli\u015fme s\u00fcreci i\u00e7inde birikmi\u015f belirli de\u011fi\u015fik etkilerin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gereklilikler, zorunluluklar vard\u0131r. Fakat bununla birlikte, sosyal bir varl\u0131k olan insan\u0131 di\u011fer t\u00fcm canl\u0131lardan ay\u0131ran temel \u00f6zellik, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek, hesap yaparak, planlayarak davranmak oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, s\u00f6z konusu determinizm veya toplumsal- tarihi zorunluluk, belli insan iradeleri ile birlikte bir sonuca ula\u015fabilir. Bu sonu\u00e7 ise, eyleme \u00f6nderlik eden ki\u015filerin iradelerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak tek de\u011fil, her zaman \u00e7ok alternatiflidir.\u00a0<\/b>\u00d6rne\u011fin, e\u011fer Bol\u015fevik Partisi\u2019nin ba\u015f\u0131nda Lenin gibi t\u00fckenmez bir enerji ile devrime odaklanm\u0131\u015f, analitik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilen ve di\u011ferlerini pe\u015finden s\u00fcr\u00fckleyebilen bir \u00f6nder olmasa idi, gelmekte olan\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcp tam zaman\u0131nda partinin merkez komite \u00fcyelerine, \u201c…Tarih ihtilalcilerin gecikmelerini affetmeyecektir; ya bug\u00fcn zafere ula\u015f\u0131l\u0131r (ve bug\u00fcn kesinlikle muzaffer olunabilir), yar\u0131n ise \u00e7ok \u015fey risk alt\u0131na girebilir, her\u015feyin yitirilmesi riski olu\u015fur.\u201d\u00a0<\/b>diye yazmasa idi, tarihte bir\u00e7ok \u00f6rnekleri g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi\u00a0o \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fiklik an\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131labilirdi.<\/b>\u00a0\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, bireylerin ve kitlelerin psikolojileri s\u00fcrekli ayn\u0131 kalmaz; \u00f6fkeleri h\u0131zla yat\u0131\u015fabilir veya halk\u0131n tepkisi hakim g\u00fc\u00e7ler taraf\u0131ndan ustaca ba\u015fka alanlara kanalize edilerek bo\u015fa harcanabilir ve ayn\u0131 insanlar bir s\u00fcre sonra k\u00f6le haline bile getirilebilirler.<\/b>\u00a0Bu bak\u0131mdan ba\u015fka devrimlerde de oldu\u011fu gibi Rusya halklar\u0131n\u0131n devriminin \u00f6n\u00fcnde de de\u011fi\u015fik alternatifler vard\u0131 ve Ekim Devrimi\u2019nin ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fmas\u0131nda Lenin\u2019in hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde inkar edilemez \u00e7ok \u00f6zel ki\u015fisel bir rol\u00fc olmu\u015ftur.<\/b><\/p>\n

Roy A. Medvedev\u2019de do\u011fru olarak Lenin’in devrimdeki tayin edici rol\u00fcn\u00fcn alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmektedir. Lenin gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nderler ancak tarihin belirli \u00f6nemli d\u00f6neme\u00e7lerinde ya\u015fanan h\u0131zl\u0131 ve \u00e7ok renkli toplumsal s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin ve yine \u015f\u00fcphesiz geldikleri toplumlar\u0131n tarihi- k\u00fclt\u00fcrel birikimlerinin bir t\u00fcrevi olarak yeti\u015febilirler ve s\u00f6z konusu s\u00fcre\u00e7lere ki\u015fisel damgalar\u0131n\u0131 vururlar. Lenin, Rusya halklar\u0131 ve Sovyet Devrimi\u2019nin derinden etkiledi\u011fi di\u011fer d\u00fcnya halklar\u0131 i\u00e7in ne olmu\u015fsa, Lenin\u2019den farkl\u0131 bir karaktere ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yap\u0131s\u0131na sahip Mustafa Kemal\u2019de T\u00fcrkiye toplumu i\u00e7inde benzer bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve O\u2019da d\u00fcnyadaki di\u011fer burjuva i\u00e7erikli ulusal kurtulu\u015f eylemlerini \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkilemi\u015ftir.\u00a0Nas\u0131l<\/b>\u00a0Lenin olmadan bir ekim devrimi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemezse, Mustafa Kemal\u2019in tayin edici ki\u015fisel iradesi olmadan bir T\u00fcrk ulusal burjuva devrimi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmekte ayn\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde olanaks\u0131zd\u0131r.<\/b><\/p>\n

Bir yukar\u0131daki paragrafta anlat\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan ger\u00e7ek, Sovyet Devrimi sonras\u0131 i\u00e7inde ge\u00e7erlidir.\u00a0Devrim sonras\u0131 geli\u015fme \u00e7izgisinin aynen ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi olmas\u0131 veya Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin tarihi ser\u00fcvenin tam bu \u015fekilde geli\u015fmesi gerekti\u011fini, ba\u015fka alternatifler olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmek tamamen bilim d\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/b>\u00a0\u201cSay\u0131n yarg\u0131\u00e7lar ba\u015fka se\u00e7ene\u011fim yoktu (!)\u201d, bi\u00e7imindeki melodramatik ifadeler ikiy\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn, bilin\u00e7li yalan\u0131n veya tamamen derin bir ahmakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve ya\u015fama \u201cat g\u00f6zl\u00fckleri\u201d ile son derece dar bir perspektiften bakman\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcrler. \u00d6zellikle toplumsal ya\u015famda ba\u015fka se\u00e7enekleri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia edenler dinsel fanatikler, benzer frekanslarda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen \u201csol\u201d ekstremistler, y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlardan kopuk ter\u00f6r eylemlerinin hastal\u0131kl\u0131 karakterleri ve yine \u201csol\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmlerle sahneye \u00e7\u0131kabilen a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 milliyet\u00e7iler veya \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 fa\u015fistlerdir.\u00a0Tarihsel- toplumsal s\u00fcre\u00e7lerde belli bir determinizm olsada, \u00e7ok uzun vadeli bu gerekirlilik i\u00e7inde bireylerin, y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n ve temsil ettikleri topluluklarla kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 etkilenme i\u00e7indeki \u00f6nderlerin iradelerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak her zaman farkl\u0131 renklerde alternatifler varolmu\u015ftur. \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

3.\u00a0Ekim Devrimi\u2019nin Kafkaslar\u2019da yay\u0131lmas\u0131, Moskova- Ankara\/ Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk- Lenin\u00a0 ili\u015fkileri \u00fczerine notlar<\/i><\/p>\n

Moskova ve Ankara h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerini veya Lenin ile Mustafa Kemal\u2019i yak\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131ran olgu en geni\u015f anlam\u0131 ile ba\u015fta Anglo- Amerikan emperyalizme kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele ger\u00e7e\u011fi olsa da, pratikte bu olay as\u0131l olarak Kafkaslar\u2019daki geli\u015fmelerde kendisini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir… \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki yenilgisinin ard\u0131ndan 1878\u2019de toplanan Berin Konferans\u0131 ile geni\u015f topraklar\u0131n\u0131n be\u015fte ikisini yitiren Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, g\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019da Kars, Ardahan ve Batum\u2019u Rusya\u2019ya b\u0131rakmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131 ile birlikte Rusya, 35 y\u0131l kadar \u00f6nce alm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu alanlardan da ileriye ge\u00e7erek 1914\u2019de Osmanl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde bir savunma hatt\u0131 olu\u015fturdu. Rus askeri stratejisi, bat\u0131da Almanya cephesinde as\u0131l b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7lerle sald\u0131r\u0131; g\u00fcneyde Kafkasya\u2019daki Osmanl\u0131 cephesinde ise daha s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerle savunma \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

Almanya\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fusundaki Tananberg\u2019de bir Alman ordusu ile iki Rus ordusunu yenen General Hindenburg\u2019a \u00f6zenen ve O\u2019nun gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir meydan sava\u015f\u0131 kazanma hevesinde olan Enver Pa\u015fa, \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck hatalar yapacakt\u0131… Rus ordusunu cephe gerisinden \u00e7evirerek yok etmeyi d\u00fc\u015fleyen Enver Pa\u015fa, maddi temellerden yoksun planlar\u0131 ve baz\u0131 ters rastlant\u0131lar\u0131nda etkileriyle T\u00fcrk askerlerini \u00fczerlerindeki yazl\u0131k giysilerle Allahuekber da\u011flar\u0131na s\u00fcrecekti. Bu \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nl\u0131k, 75 bini a\u015fk\u0131n gen\u00e7 insan\u0131n daha sava\u015f alan\u0131na ula\u015famadan donarak \u00f6lmelerine neden olacakt\u0131. Sonu\u00e7ta Rusya, Giresun yak\u0131nlar\u0131na dek uzanan yeni araziler kazanacakt\u0131 ama 1917 Ekim Devrimi olaylar\u0131n ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zla de\u011fi\u015ftirecekti…<\/p>\n

Daha \u00f6nce s\u00f6z edilmi\u015f olan Brest Litovsk Bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 (3 Mart 1918) ile gen\u00e7 Sovyet y\u00f6netimi, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Birinci D\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131nda kazanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu topraklar\u0131 ve ayr\u0131ca 1878\u2019de elde etmi\u015f oldu\u011fu Kars, Ardahan ve Batum\u2019u tekrar Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Fakat Rusya\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olan \u015eubat Devrimi\u2019nin ard\u0131ndan ve Ekim devriminden k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce, 20 Eyl\u00fcl 1917\u2019de, G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Tiflis\u2019te\u00a0Kafkasya Halklar\u0131 Ulusal Meclisi<\/b>\u00a0Kurulmu\u015ftu. Merkezi otoritenin yoklu\u011fu veya hen\u00fcz \u00e7ok zay\u0131f olmas\u0131 sonucu\u00a0G\u00fcrcistan\u2019da y\u00f6netimi alm\u0131\u015f olan Men\u015fevikler, Ermenistan\u2019da iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015f olan milliyet\u00e7i Ta\u015fnak Partisi (HHD, Dashnak) ve Azerbeycan\u2019da y\u00f6netime gelen Musavat Partisi aras\u0131nda Ocak 1918\u2019de ba\u015flayan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerin sonucunda, 22 Nisan 1918\u2019de,\u00a0Trans- Kafkasya Federal Cumhuriyeti<\/i>\u00a0resmen ilan edilmi\u015fti.<\/b>\u00a0Sonu\u00e7ta, Brest Litovsk ile Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya b\u0131rak\u0131lan topraklar bu yeni cumhuriyetin fili denetimi alt\u0131na girmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n

K\u0131sacas\u0131 Osmanl\u0131, ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde g\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc yeniden ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015fti ama, bunun prati\u011fe ge\u00e7mesi i\u00e7in g\u00fcce ba\u015fvurmas\u0131 gerekiyordu… Ve sonu\u00e7ta, Osmanl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7leri ile yeni kurulmu\u015f olan Trans- Kafkasya Federal Cumhuriyeti aras\u0131nda 13 Nisan 1918\u2019de sava\u015f ba\u015flad\u0131. Kurtulu\u015f sava\u015f\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck eden Ankara y\u00f6netimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda da s\u00fcren \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar, 1920 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sovyet iktidar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6lgeye ula\u015fmas\u0131 ve 16 Mart 1921\u2019de Moskova Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131 ile tamamen sonbuldu…<\/p>\n

Ermeniler,\u00a0Trans- Kafkasya Federal Cumhuriyeti<\/i>‘nin kurulu\u015fundan yakla\u015f\u0131k be\u015f hafta sonra, topraklar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletme d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle, federasyonun di\u011fer iki orta\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f ba\u015flatt\u0131lar. Sonu\u00e7ta, Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n birlikten ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmesi ile\u00a0Trans- Kafkasya Federal Cumhuriyeti\u00a0<\/i>26 May\u0131s 1918\u2019de da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131. (Baz\u0131 kaynaklara g\u00f6re G\u00fcrcistan y\u00f6netimi de bu ayr\u0131l\u0131kta ba\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir.) Standford J. ve Ezel Kuran Shaw\u2019\u0131n da dikkati \u00e7ektikleri gibi, Azerbeycan\u2019\u0131n petrolleri ile G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n Manganez ve di\u011fer zengin maden yataklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde g\u00f6z\u00fc olan \u0130ngiliz ve Alman emperyalizmleri aras\u0131ndaki rekabet, Trans- Kafkasya Federal Cumhuriyeti i\u00e7inde ba\u015flayan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmada ba\u015fl\u0131ca rol\u00fc oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7ta,\u00a0Trans- Kafkasya Federal Cumhuriyeti<\/i>, 26 May\u0131s 1918\u2019de \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. G\u00fcrcistan, Ermenistan ve Azerbaycan, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z cumhuriyetler olarak tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015flard\u0131r…<\/p>\n

Trans- Kafkasya Federal Cumhuriyeti<\/i><\/b>‘nin\u00a0\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi ile birlikte G\u00fcrcistan Almanya’n\u0131n himayesi alt\u0131na girmi\u015ftir. Almanya\u2019n\u0131n, Merkezi G\u00fc\u00e7ler\u2019in \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015flerinin ard\u0131ndan, 1918 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonundan itibaren G\u00fcrcistan\u2019da \u0130ngiliz i\u015fgali d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 Temmuz 1920\u2019ye dek s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.\u00a0<\/b>\u0130ngilizlerin himayesinde y\u00f6netimi s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Men\u015fevik h\u00fck\u00fcmet, yine \u0130ngilizler taraf\u0131ndan desteklenen General Denikin\u2019i ve sonradan bu ki\u015finin yerini alan General Wrangel\u2019i kendi iktidar\u0131 i\u00e7in tehlikeli bulmu\u015f ve \u0130ngilizler taraf\u0131ndan getirilen\u00a0“\u00c7arl\u0131k rejiminin G\u00fcrcistan\u2019da restore edilmesi”\u00a0<\/i>\u00f6nerisini reddetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 tarihi s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde Kaz\u0131m Karabekir\u2019in komutas\u0131ndaki Osmanl\u0131 birlikleri 12 Mart 1918\u2019de Kars, Ardahan ve Batum\u2019a girmi\u015flerdir. Trans- Kafkasya Federal Cumhuriyeti ile Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi aras\u0131nda Trabzon\u2019da ba\u015flayan bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri Ermeni taraf\u0131n\u0131n direnmesi sonucu ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015famam\u0131\u015f ve Kafkaslar\u2019da Rus ordular\u0131n\u0131n bo\u015faltm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu alanlarda Osmanl\u0131 ordular\u0131n\u0131n ilerleyi\u015fleri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n zenginliklerinde g\u00f6z\u00fc olan orta\u011f\u0131 Almanya\u2019n\u0131n muhalefetine kar\u015f\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 ordular\u0131 Baku\u2019ye dek ilerlemi\u015flerdir. Azerbeycan petrolleri \u00fczerinde g\u00f6z\u00fc olan \u0130ngiltere, A\u011fustos 1918 ortalar\u0131nda \u0130ran \u00fczerinden Baku\u2019ye bir ordu yollam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bol\u015fevik g\u00fc\u00e7leri kovarak kenti ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015f olan Rus Sosyalist Devrimciler (SR) ile Ermeni milliyet\u00e7isi Ta\u015fnaklar (Dashnak) ve di\u011fer H\u0131ristiyan topluluklar, \u0130ngiliz ordusu ile birle\u015fmi\u015flerdir. Osmanl\u0131 ordusu 300 km kadar daha kuzeydeki stratejik ge\u00e7it Derbent\u2019i (dar kap\u0131, demir kap\u0131) 10 Eyl\u00fcl 1918\u2019de ele ge\u00e7irip Bak\u00fc yolunu kuzeyden kesince, \u0130ngiliz birlikleri ba\u011fla\u015f\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcst\u00fc b\u0131rak\u0131p \u00e7ekilmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

\u0130ngiliz g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin \u00e7ekilmelerinin ard\u0131ndan,\u00a0Bak\u00fc’y\u00fc denetleyen Ta\u015fnaklar ve Sosyalist Devrimciler Ermenistan\u2019a ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 y\u00f6netimi Baku\u2019yu Azerbeycan Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin Ba\u015fkenti olarak ilanetmi\u015ftir. Gen\u00e7 Azerbeycan Cumhuriyeti k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7in Osmanl\u0131 n\u00fcfus sahas\u0131 haline gelmi\u015ftir.\u00a0Azerbeycan Demokratik Cumhuriyeti<\/i><\/b>\u00a0 (1918- 20), say\u0131lar\u0131 onu a\u015fan \u00fclkeler taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131nan halk\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ilk cumhuriyet olmu\u015ftur… S\u00f6z konusu geli\u015fmenin ard\u0131ndan Sovyetler Brest- Litovsk\u2019un Kafkasya ile ilgili maddelerini iptal etmi\u015flerdir. Fakat ayn\u0131 y\u0131l Almanya, ortaklar\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 yitirince, olaylar bir kez daha yeni yataklar\u0131nda akmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, 31 Ekim 1918\u2019de y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren Mondoros M\u00fctarekesi ile kay\u0131ts\u0131z \u015farts\u0131z teslim olmu\u015f ve \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu Almanya\u2019n\u0131n saf\u0131nda sava\u015fa sokmu\u015f olan Enver, Talat ve Cemal Pa\u015falar 2 Kas\u0131m 1918 g\u00fcn\u00fc \u00fclkeyi gizlice terk etmi\u015flerdir… Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n da dahil oldu\u011fu ve Bol\u015fevikler taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131p y\u0131rt\u0131lacak olan gizli Sykes- Picot anla\u015fmas\u0131na g\u00f6re F\u0131rans\u0131zlara b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan Musul b\u00f6lgesine petrol anla\u015fmalar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0130ngilizler yerle\u015fmi\u015flerdir. Kilikya, Adana y\u00f6releri F\u0131rans\u0131zlara ve Antalya y\u00f6releri ise \u0130talyanlara b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130stanbul, Bo\u011fazlar, \u0130tilaf Devletleri\u2019nin ortak i\u015fgalleri alt\u0131na girmi\u015ftir ama as\u0131l olarak \u0130ngilizler duruma hakim olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Samsun\u2019a \u00e7\u0131kan \u0130ngiliz birlikleri b\u00f6lgede eski tarihi Pontus devletini -kendi denetimlerinde- canland\u0131rma pe\u015fine d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015flerdir. \u00dclkenin t\u00fcm limanlar\u0131 i\u015fgal edilmi\u015f ve \u0130tilaf Devletleri\u2019nin ordular\u0131 ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye halk\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131rt\u0131ndan bedava sa\u011flamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Son anda \u0130tilaf devletleri ile anla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan Venizelos H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019de \u0130stanbul\u2019un i\u015fgaline kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ngiliz, Frans\u0131z ve Amerikan sava\u015f gemileri ile gelen Grek t\u00fcmenleri 14 May\u0131s 1919\u2019da \u0130zmir\u2019e \u00e7\u0131kartma yapmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Be\u015f g\u00fcn sonra da Mustafa Kemal Dokuzuncu Ordu\u2019nun Genel M\u00fcfetti\u015fi olarak Samsun\u2019a ayak basm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r… Di\u011fer yandan, Ocak 1919\u2019da Paris\u2019te Serves\u2019de ba\u015flayan \u201cbar\u0131\u015f\u201d konferans\u0131 s\u00fcrmekteydi ve 20 A\u011fustos 1920\u2019de imzalanacak olan anla\u015fma, ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olan Anadolu ihtilali taraf\u0131ndan ge\u00e7ersiz hale getirilmi\u015ftir…<\/p>\n

Serves \u201cbar\u0131\u015f\u0131\u201d ile g\u00fcney Kafkasya ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131ndaki alt\u0131 vilayet Ermenistan\u2019a verilmi\u015ftir. Brest- Litovsk anla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Osmanl\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan geri al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olan Kars ve di\u011fer vilayetler Ermeni Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin denetimine girmi\u015ftir. Daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 isteyen Ermeniler, s\u0131n\u0131rlardaki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halka kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lar ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r… Serves\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131n Anadolu teslim olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi\u2019in a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 19 Mart 1920 g\u00fcn\u00fc Ankara\u2019da ilan edilmi\u015f ve ayn\u0131 y\u0131l 23 Nisan g\u00fcn\u00fc 190 \u00fcye ile gen\u00e7 Meclis \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fu\u2019da Kaz\u0131m Karabekir\u2019in komutas\u0131ndaki birlikler silahlar\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131rakmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu birlikler 1920 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Eyl\u00fcl ortas\u0131nda Ermenistan Cumhuriyetine kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7mi\u015flerdir. Kars, Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f, G\u00fcmr\u00fc (Leninakan) kentleri Kaz\u0131m Karabekir\u2019in komutas\u0131ndaki 18. Kolordu\u2019nun eline ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Ermeni y\u00f6netimi ile 2- 3 Aral\u0131k gecesi G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019de bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu yeni anla\u015fma ile Serves anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n Ermeni Cumhuriyeti\u2019ne b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu topraklar ve Brest- Litovsk ile kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan Kars ve di\u011fer vilayetler yeni kurulmu\u015f olan Ankara H\u00fck\u00fcmeti’nin eline ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Sonu\u00e7ta Ermeni Cumhuriyeti t\u00fcm toprak taleplerinden ve Anadolu\u2019da bir Ermeni \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu oldu\u011fu iddialar\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Ermeni birliklerinden ele ge\u00e7irilen \u00e7ok y\u00fckl\u00fc miktardaki cephane Bat\u0131 Cephesi’ne yollanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r…\u00a0Ta\u015fnak y\u00f6netimindeki Ermeni Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin Ankara h\u00fck\u00fcmeti kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki yenilgisi, milliyet\u00e7i Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n Bol\u015fevik Partisi\u2019nin emrindeki K\u0131z\u0131lordu kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda direncinin k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. T\u00fcrklerin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131, kom\u00fcnistlerin Ermenistan\u2019da denetimi sa\u011flamalar\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kurulma yolunda olan T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ilk anla\u015fmas\u0131 olan G\u00fcmr\u00fc bar\u0131\u015f\u0131, daha onaylanamadan Ermenistan\u2019daki y\u00f6netim K\u0131z\u0131lordu taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/b>\u00a0Buna kar\u015f\u0131n, 16 Mart 1921 tarihli Moskova Anla\u015fmas\u0131 ve 13 Ekim 1921 tarihinde imzalanm\u0131\u015f olan Kars anla\u015fmas\u0131, G\u00fcmr\u00fc Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n maddelerinde \u00f6nemli bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ok k\u0131sa bir tarihi s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde Kafkasya\u2019da \u00fcst \u00fcste \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fiklikler olmu\u015ftur. Daha \u00f6nce de belirtilmi\u015f oldu\u011fu gibi Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bitiminin ard\u0131ndan Kafkaslar ve \u00f6zellikle G\u00fcrcistan, ge\u00e7ici olarak B\u00fcy\u00fck Biritanya\u2019n\u0131n denetimi alt\u0131na girmi\u015fti…<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b>May\u0131s 1918\u2019de Rusya\u2019dan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilanetmi\u015f olan Azerbeycan\u2019a Nisan 1920\u2019de hi\u00e7bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma olmadan K\u0131z\u0131lordu girmi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 ay Azerbeycan Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti ilan edilmi\u015ftir ve Azerbeycan Sovyet Sistemi i\u00e7ine kat\u0131lan ilk Kafkasya cumhuriyeti olmu\u015ftur. Ve yine daha \u00f6nce ifade edilmi\u015f oldu\u011fu gibi, K\u0131z\u0131lordu Azerbeycan’a girdi\u011fi s\u0131rada, 26 Nisan 1920 g\u00fcn\u00fc Mustafa Kemal, -B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi\u2019ndeki resmi s\u0131fat\u0131yla- Lenin\u2019e ilk telgraf\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekip yard\u0131m talebinde bulunmu\u015ftur. Ve ayr\u0131ca ayn\u0131 telgraf\u0131nda Mustafa Kemal,\u00a0\u201cAzerbeycan\u2019a Bol\u015fevik z\u00fcmresini sokmaya haz\u0131r oldu\u011funu\u201d <\/b>bildirmi\u015ftir-zaten ba\u015fka alternatifi yoktur ama b\u00f6ylece bir dostluk g\u00f6sterisi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 milliyet\u00e7i yazarlar\u0131n tarihi \u00e7arp\u0131tma \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n tam tersine, i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131n zor g\u00fcnlerini ya\u015famakta olan Moskova y\u00f6netimi ile kurtulu\u015f sava\u015f\u0131na \u00f6nderlik etmekte olan Ankara H\u00fck\u00fcmeti aras\u0131ndaki ilk ili\u015fkiler Ankara\u2019n\u0131n, Mustafa Kemal\u2019in insiyatifi ile ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Prof\u00f6s\u00f6r Mete Tuncay\u2019\u0131n\u00a0\u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Sol Ak\u0131mlar (1908- 1925)\u201d<\/i>\u00a0adl\u0131 de\u011ferli yap\u0131t\u0131nda verdi\u011fi ve ayr\u0131ca \u00e7ok yazarl\u0131 bir \u00fcr\u00fcn olan\u00a0\u201cT\u00fcrkiye Tarihi 4, \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrkiye 1908- 1980\u201d<\/i>\u00a0adl\u0131 kitapta \u00f6zetleyerek tekrarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgiler ve Luis Fischer\u2019in\u201cLenin\u201d<\/i>\u00a0adl\u0131 kapsaml\u0131 biyografi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda verilen bilgiler ayn\u0131 y\u00f6ndedir. Mete Tuncay\u2019\u0131n elindeki zengin kaynaklardan ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6rnekler alarak yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re,\u00a0kurtulu\u015f sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n askeri y\u00f6netimi aras\u0131ndaki yaz\u0131\u015fmalarda Bol\u015feviklerden yard\u0131m sa\u011flama, Bol\u015fevikli\u011fi anlama ve gerekirse bu y\u00f6nde bir politik yak\u0131nla\u015fma i\u00e7ine girme<\/b>geni\u015f yer tutmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar\u0131yla Bol\u015feviklik ile yak\u0131nla\u015fma politikas\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda Bat\u0131\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 bir siyasi \u015fantaj unsuru olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece politik zafere daha rahat ula\u015f\u0131labilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr… Asl\u0131nda bu politik \u015fantaj politikas\u0131 veya daha kibarca bir ifadeyle bir \u00e7e\u015fit denge hesaplar\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin d\u0131\u015f politika \u00e7izgisindeki belirgin renklerden biri olmu\u015ftur. Sonu\u00e7ta, baz\u0131 daha alt d\u00fczeyde \u00f6n temaslar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, yine Mete Tuncay\u2019\u0131n anlat\u0131m\u0131 ile Mustafa Kemal, T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi\u2019nin a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn sonra, 26 Nisan 1920\u2019de Lenin\u2019e bir telgraf \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. Telgrafta Mustafa Kemal,\u00a0\u201cEmperyalist devletler aleyhine ve bunlar\u0131n esareti alt\u0131ndaki insanlar\u0131 kurtarma amac\u0131yla Sovyet y\u00f6netimi ile i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmaya haz\u0131r oldu\u011funu\u201d<\/b>\u00a0bildirmektedir. Yine ayn\u0131 telgrafta,\u00a0\u201cE\u011fer Sovyet y\u00f6netimi Men\u015fevik G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7erse, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin de emperyalist Ermeni h\u00fck\u00fcmetine kar\u015f\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7meye ve <\/b>\u00f6nceden de yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu gibi– Azerbeycan\u2019a Bol\u015fevik z\u00fcmresini sokmaya haz\u0131r oldu\u011fu\u201d<\/b>\u00a0bildirilmektedir.\u00a0\u201cM\u00fc\u015fterek m\u00fccadelemiz i\u00e7in kuvvetlerimizi te\u015fkilatland\u0131rmak \u00fczere para ve silah yard\u0131m\u0131nda bulunulmas\u0131\u201d<\/b>\u00a0talebi ile telgraf son bulmaktad\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu telgraf, Louis Fischer\u2019in \u201cLenin<\/i>\u201d adl\u0131 biyografisinde de ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Louis Fischer\u2019in anlat\u0131m\u0131yla, eski bir silahl\u0131 kuvvetler \u00fcyesi subay olan Simeon I. Aralov Ankara\u2019ya ilk Sovyet B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi olarak atan\u0131p Moskova\u2019y\u0131 teketmeden \u00f6nce D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 \u00c7i\u00e7erin taraf\u0131ndan Lenin\u2019e takdim edilmi\u015ftir. Lenin Aralov\u2019u,\u201cDemek b\u00f6yle ya\u015fl\u0131 o\u011flan, art\u0131k \u015fava\u015fmay\u0131 bitirdin, diplomat oluyorsun, \u00e7ok iyi!\u201d<\/i>, diyerek kar\u015f\u0131lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ard\u0131ndan Lenin Aralov\u2019a \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir:\u00a0\u201cKemal sosyalist de\u011fil. Fakat iyi bir \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc, \u00e7ok yetenekli bir asker, ulusal- burjuva devrimi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren bir \u00f6nder, ilerici karaktere sahip biri, ak\u0131ll\u0131 bir devlet adam\u0131 olarak g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcyor. O, bizim sosyalist devrimimizin anlam\u0131n\u0131 kavram\u0131\u015f ve Sovyet \u00fclkesi ile uyumlu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelere sahip. O, istenmeyen zorbalara kar\u015f\u0131 bir ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sava\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor… Halk\u0131n O\u2019na inand\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00fckmektedir. O\u2019na yard\u0131m etmemiz gerekmektedir. S\u00f6z konusu dayan\u0131\u015fma T\u00fcrk halk\u0131na yard\u0131m anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Bu bizim y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fczd\u00fcr. T\u00fcrk y\u00f6netimine ve halk\u0131na sayg\u0131 duy. Gururlu, kibirli olma. T\u00fcrklerin i\u00e7 i\u015flerine bula\u015fma! Grekleri onlara kar\u015f\u0131 \u0130ngiltere k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtt\u0131… \u015eimdi \u00f6n\u00fcnde zor bir g\u00f6rev var… Yoksul olmam\u0131za kar\u015f\u0131n, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye maddi yard\u0131m yapaca\u011f\u0131z. Bunu yapmak g\u00f6revimiz… T\u00fcrk halk\u0131 yaln\u0131z olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6recektir…\u00a0<\/i><\/b>\u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131llarca T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015ft\u0131 ve bu olgu do\u011fal olarak halk\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerine damgas\u0131n\u0131 vurdu… Siz g\u00fcvensizli\u011fin ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yava\u015f yok oldu\u011funu bilirsiniz. Bu nedenle, sab\u0131r, \u00f6zen ve dikkat isteyen b\u00fcy\u00fck bir y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131yorsunuz. \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131 ile Sovyet Rusya aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131 T\u00fcrklere s\u00f6zlerle de\u011fil, eylemlerinizle g\u00f6stermelisiniz. Bunlar bizim g\u00f6revlerimiz; siz bir el\u00e7i olarak onlar\u0131n i\u00e7 i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015fmadan politikan\u0131z\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmelisiniz ve halklar\u0131m\u0131z aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ek dostlu\u011fu y\u00fckseltmelisiniz. T\u00fcrkiye bir k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckburjuva tar\u0131m \u00fclkesi. End\u00fcstri etkisiz ve varolan biraz\u0131 da Avrupal\u0131 kapitalistlerin ellerinde. Fazla i\u015f\u00e7i yok. Bunlar\u0131 haf\u0131zana kaz\u0131mal\u0131s\u0131n.\u201d<\/b><\/i>\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>(Hem yukar\u0131daki ve hem de bu paragraftaki koyula\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 ben yapt\u0131m- Y.K.)<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b>Aralov\u2019un Ankara\u2019ya ula\u015fmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce, 11 May\u0131s 1920\u2019de Ankara H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nin D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Bekir Sami Bey\u2019in ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir heyet Moskova\u2019ya ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve ilk resmi diplomatik ili\u015fikiler bu \u015fekilde ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrk temsilcileri ile Sovyet y\u00f6netimi aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler, Ermeni ve di\u011fer Kafkasya cumhuriyetleri, Batum ve di\u011fer baz\u0131 g\u00fcvensizlik kayna\u011f\u0131 sorunlara ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak uzam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu arada 21 \u015eubat 1921\u2019de Ankara\u2019n\u0131n D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Bekir Sami Bey Londra Konferans\u0131\u2019na kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u0130ngiltere Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Lloyd George ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f ve T\u00fcrklerden nefret eden bu ki\u015fiye Kafkaslarla ilgili farkl\u0131 \u00f6neriler g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u015eantaj politikalar\u0131na ve t\u00fcm krizlere, g\u00fcvensizlik kaynaklar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n,\u00a016 Mart 1921\u2019de imzalanm\u0131\u015f olan Moskova Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019ndan \u00e7ok \u00f6nce, Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kaderinde b\u00fcy\u00fck etkisi olan Sovyet mali ve askeri yard\u0131m\u0131 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/b>\u00a0Mete Tuncay, Sovyet kaynaklar\u0131ndan yararlanm\u0131\u015f olan Prof\u00f6s\u00f6r Armao\u011flu\u2019ndan aktararak, daha 1920 yaz\u0131nda Sovyet Rusya\u2019dan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye 6 bin t\u00fcfek, 5 milyon kadar t\u00fcfek mermisi, 17.600 top mermisi, 200.6 kg k\u00fcl\u00e7e alt\u0131n yollad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazmaktad\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu yard\u0131m 1921 y\u0131l\u0131nda ve daha ileriki y\u0131llarda da s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Mete Tuncay\u2019\u0131n ad\u0131 yukar\u0131da an\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan kitab\u0131nda konuyla, yard\u0131m g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri ile, Mustafa Kemal\u2019in talepleri ile ilgili olarak ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgiler vard\u0131r. Stefanos Yerasimos taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan\u00a0\u201cT\u00fcrk- Sovyet \u0130li\u015fkileri, Ekim Devriminden \u2018Milli M\u00fccadele\u2019ye \u201d<\/i>\u00a0adl\u0131 kapsaml\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmadan da Moskova- Ankara ili\u015fkileri \u00fczerine ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgiler elde edilebilir. Simon I. Aralov\u2019da\u00a0\u201cBir Sovyet Diplomat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n An\u0131lar\u0131\u201d<\/i>adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131nda, T\u00fcrk- Sovyet ili\u015fkileri ve Mustafa Kemal ile kurmu\u015f oldu\u011fu ki\u015fisel yak\u0131n dostluk hakk\u0131nda geni\u015f bilgiler vermektedir…<\/p>\n

Louis Fischer\u2019in \u201cLenin<\/i>\u201d adl\u0131 kapsaml\u0131 biyografisinde kaydedildi\u011fine g\u00f6re, Moskova Anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalanmadan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce, \u0130ngiliz birlikleri Men\u015fevikler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmekte olan G\u00fcrcistan\u2019dan \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130ngiliz askeri g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7ekilmesi ile birlikte, \u015eubat 1921\u2019de, Sovyet K\u0131z\u0131lordusu G\u00fcrcistan’a girmi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 s\u0131rada Mustafa Kemal\u2019e ba\u011fl\u0131 askeri g\u00fc\u00e7ler de Batum\u2019a girmi\u015fler ve 11 Mart 1921\u2019de kente yerle\u015fmi\u015flerdir. O y\u0131llarda Batum, Bak\u00fc\u2019de \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lan petrol\u00fcn tek ihra\u00e7 liman\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, Sovyet Rusya a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ya\u015famsal \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktayd\u0131. S\u00f6z konusu geli\u015fmeyi ve di\u011fer ili\u015fkileri \u00e7ok daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde anlatan Stefanos Yerasimos\u2019a ait\u00a0\u201cT\u00fcrk- Sovyet \u0130li\u015fkileri\u201d<\/i>\u00a0adl\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re, Moskova anla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Batum, art\u0131k Sovyet sistemi ile b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmi\u015f olan G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kuzeybat\u0131 cephesinde \u0130smet Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n komutas\u0131ndaki d\u00fczenli ordunun 10- 11 Ocak 1921\u2019de \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc\u2019de kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk \u00f6nemli ba\u015far\u0131, bir yandan Mustafa Kemal\u2019in mandac\u0131lar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ve Meclis\u2019te konumunu g\u00fc\u00e7lendirirken, di\u011fer yandan da Sovyet Rusya\u2019daki T\u00fcrk heyetinin i\u015flerini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra Moskova anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalan\u0131p Sovyet yard\u0131mlar\u0131 resmi ve sistematik hale gelmi\u015ftir. Moskova\u2019da bulunan Afganistan heyeti ile Ankara temsilcileri aras\u0131nda 1 Mart 1921\u2019de kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 T\u00fcrk- Afgan Dostluk Anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve b\u00f6ylece B\u00fcy\u00fck Biritanya\u2019dan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yeni elde etmi\u015f olan Afganistan, Ankara h\u00fck\u00fcmetini ilk tan\u0131yanlar kervan\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu anla\u015fma, Mustafa Kemal y\u00f6netiminin emperyalist bask\u0131 alt\u0131ndaki \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda prestijinin y\u00fckselmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7ta, 16 Mart 1921\u2019de imzalanan Moskova Anla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Batum\u2019un ve kuzey Acarya\u2019n\u0131n (Ajaria, Adzharia) stat\u00fcleri kesinlikle belirlenmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda, G\u00fcrcistan Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti\u2019ne ba\u011fl\u0131 ba\u015fkenti Batum olan Acara (Ajaria) Otonom Cumhuriyeti kurulmu\u015ftur. Ayn\u0131 anla\u015fma ile T\u00fcrk- Sovyet s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 belirlenirken, Kars ve Ardahan Ankara\u2019ya kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nahcivan \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi ile ilgili sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc ise ileri bir tarihe ertelenmi\u015ftir. \u015e\u00fcphesiz anla\u015fma burada s\u00f6zedilenden \u00e7ok daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r ve bununla t\u00fcm sorunlar \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclememi\u015ftir ama ili\u015fkilerde \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve Sovyetler\u2019in Anglo- Amerikan destekli Grek ordular\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fmakta olan Ankara\u2019ya yard\u0131mlar\u0131 daha sistematik hale gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Moskova Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan s\u00f6zkonusu \u00fc\u00e7 Kafkasya Cumhuriyeti ile Ankara y\u00f6netimi aras\u0131nda 13 Ekim 1921 g\u00fcn\u00fc imzalanan Kars Anla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Acara (Ajaria) Otonom Cumhuriyeti \u00fczerine eksik kalm\u0131\u015f olan sorunlar ve \u00f6zellikle Nahcivan Otonom B\u00f6lgesi \u00fczerine ortada duran sorun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 kurulmu\u015f olan G\u00fcrcistan, Ermenistan ve Azerbeycan Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetleri Mart 1922\u2019de birle\u015ftirilerek\u00a0Trans- Kafkasya Sovyet Federal Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti<\/i><\/b>olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. Nisan 1922\u2019de, G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u00fclkenin kuzeyinde -tam ortada- G\u00fcney Ossetya Otonom b\u00f6lgesi \u015fekillendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Moskova anla\u015fmas\u0131 ile temelleri at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti- Sovyet dostlu\u011fu II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131na ve sonras\u0131na dek \u00f6nemli bir sars\u0131nt\u0131 ya\u015famadan s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr ve T\u00fcrkiye’nin a\u011f\u0131r end\u00fcstrisi as\u0131l olarak Sovyet yard\u0131mlar\u0131 ile kurulmu\u015ftur\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b>YUSUF K\u00dcPEL\u0130 K\u0130MD\u0130R?<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b>Yusuf K\u00fcpeli<\/b>:\u00a0(d. 27 Mart\u00a01944<\/a>, Bal\u0131kesir)\u00a0 68 Ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131<\/a>\u00a0\u00f6\u011frenci gen\u00e7lik \u00f6nderlerinden, siyaset\u00e7idir.<\/p>\n

Ya\u015fam\u0131:<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00c7ocuklu\u011fu Ni\u011fde’nin Uluk\u015fla il\u00e7esine ba\u011fl\u0131 eski ad\u0131 Hamidiye olan [Bolkar Da\u011flar\u0131]]’ndaki 2200 metre rak\u0131ml\u0131 Maden k\u00f6y\u00fcnde ge\u00e7en K\u00fcpeli 11 ya\u015f\u0131nda ailesiyle \u0130stanbul’a g\u00f6\u00e7 etti ve ayn\u0131 y\u0131l babas\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. 1958 y\u0131l\u0131nda askeri liseye giren K\u00fcpeli, 27 May\u0131s\u00a01960 Darbesi<\/a>nden sonra\u00a0 Talat Aydemir<\/a>\u00a0ve Fethi G\u00fcrcan’\u0131n yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z 22 \u015eubat 1962 ve 21 May\u0131s 1963 darbe giri\u015fimlerine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131, tutukland\u0131 ve\u00a0 TCK<\/a>\u00a0146. maddesinden yarg\u0131land\u0131. Davada beraat etmekle birlikte\u00a0 1963<\/a>‘te bir\u00e7ok arkada\u015f\u0131yla Kara Harp Okulu’ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak orduyla ili\u015fi\u011fi kesildi.<\/p>\n

Devrimcilik d\u00f6nemi:<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00d6\u011frenimini \u00f6nce\u00a0ODT\u00dc<\/a>\u00a0ard\u0131ndan\u00a0 SBF<\/a>‘de s\u00fcrd\u00fcren K\u00fcpeli d\u00f6nemin devrimci hareketine kat\u0131ld\u0131. 1968’de\u00a0 FKF<\/a>\u00a0Genel Ba\u015fkan\u0131 se\u00e7ildi. 1969’da kendisi gibi aranan\u00a0 Deniz Gezmi\u015f<\/a>‘le birlikte 1. Devrimci Milliyet\u00e7i \u00d6\u011frenci Kurultay\u0131ndan sonra bir bildiri yay\u0131mlad\u0131. K\u0131sa s\u00fcre Filistin’de bulundu,[1]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0ard\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkiye’ye d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 1969 Kas\u0131m ay\u0131nda yakalanarak 1970 A\u011fustosuna kadar tutuklu kald\u0131.\u00a0 12 Mart 1971 Muht\u0131ras\u0131ndan<\/a>\u00a0sonra\u00a0 Mahir \u00c7ayan<\/a>‘\u0131n \u00f6nderli\u011finde\u00a0 THKP-C<\/a>‘nin kurulu\u015f \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131 ve \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn ilk merkez komitesinde yer ald\u0131. Mahir \u00c7ayan’\u0131n cezaevinde bulundu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde \u00f6rg\u00fct i\u00e7inde anla\u015fmazl\u0131k b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc ve \u00c7ayan’\u0131n Kas\u0131m 1971’de cezaevinden ka\u00e7mas\u0131ndan sonra yap\u0131lan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde bir uzla\u015fma sa\u011flanamay\u0131nca\u00a0 M\u00fcnir Aktolga<\/a>‘yla birlikte THKP’den ayr\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

M\u00fcltecilik ve \u0130sve\u00e7’e yerle\u015fmesi:<\/b><\/p>\n

1972’de tekrar yakalanan K\u00fcpeli toplam 8 y\u0131la yak\u0131n tutuklu ve h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc olarak hapiste kald\u0131ktan sonra, 1983’te infaz yasas\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fiklikle \u015fartl\u0131 olarak tahliye edildi ve\u00a0\u0130sve\u00e7<\/a>‘e ka\u00e7t\u0131. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan at\u0131lan Yusuf K\u00fcpeli, \u0130sve\u00e7’te m\u00fclteci olarak ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 5 y\u0131l\u0131n ard\u0131ndan 1988’de \u0130sve\u00e7 vatanda\u015f\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n

Eserleri:<\/p>\n

Tarihin \u0130zinde Balkanlar ve ABD. \u0130stanbul: \u00d6nc\u00fc Yay\u0131nlar\u0131. 2000.\u00a0 ISBN 9789756783078<\/a><\/p>\n

Hedefteki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Halklar ve \u0130slam. \u0130stanbul: K\u00fcl Sanat. 2006.\u00a0 ISBN 9789758996391<\/a><\/p>\n

Tarih ve politika \u00fczerine \u00e7ok say\u0131da makalesini\u00a0 ki\u015fisel sitesi<\/a>nde yay\u0131nlamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kaynak\u00e7a: (Vikipedi)<\/p>\n

^<\/a><\/b>\u00a0Kendi anlat\u0131m\u0131yla hayat\u0131,\u00a0 http:\/\/www.sinbad.nu\/kupelibil.htm<\/a><\/p>\n

^<\/a><\/b>\u00a0Sosyalizm ve Toplumsal M\u00fccadeleler Ansiklopedisi<\/i>, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 1989.<\/p>\n

www.dursunozden.com.tr<\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00c7A\u011eDA\u015e T\u00dcRK AYDINI T\u0130T\u0130ZL\u0130\u011e\u0130NDE, TAR\u0130H\u0130 GER\u00c7EKLER\u0130 ANIMSAMAK\u2026 \u00a0Ulyanov Lenin-Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk ili\u015fkileri ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fczerine k\u0131sa notlar\u2026 \u00a0YUSUF K\u00dcPEL\u0130 (Eski FKF Genel Ba\u015fkan\u0131-68 Ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Gen\u00e7lik \u00f6nderlerinden) \u00a0\u00a0Anadolu co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcney g\u00fcvenlik ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 olan Orta Toroslar (Bolkar) Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kuzey yama\u00e7lar\u0131nda bulunan; tarihin her d\u00f6neminde ve her bak\u0131mdan stratejik \u00f6nemi olan Uluk\u0131\u015fla-Pozant\u0131 ge\u00e7idi, ayn\u0131 zamanda Frans\u0131zlara …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2452"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2452"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2452\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2455,"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2452\/revisions\/2455"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2452"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2452"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2452"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}