{"id":11262,"date":"2022-05-09T15:36:07","date_gmt":"2022-05-09T12:36:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/?p=11262"},"modified":"2022-06-11T22:55:44","modified_gmt":"2022-06-11T19:55:44","slug":"icinden-volga-akan-kazan-dis-gezi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/?p=11262","title":{"rendered":"\u0130\u00e7inden Volga Akan KAZAN (D\u0131\u015f gezi)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Kazan,<\/strong> Rusya Federasyonu\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 Tataristan \u00d6zerk Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ba\u015fkenti. Tataristan\u2019\u0131n n\u00fcfusu 3,78 milyon ve y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc 67,800 kilometrekaredir. N\u00fcfusun %53\u2019\u00fc M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk Tatarlar, %39\u2019u Ortadoks Ruslar, %3.4\u2019\u00fc \u00c7uva\u015flar ve %4,6\u2019s\u0131 ise Ba\u015fkortlar\u2019d\u0131r.&nbsp; 9. yy\u2019dan beri bu co\u011frafyada ya\u015fayan Tatar T\u00fcrkleri, b\u00f6lgede istikrar ve bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n g\u00fcvencesi olmu\u015flar&#8230; Tolstoy ve Lenin gibi \u00fcnl\u00fc ki\u015filerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00dcniversiteyi okudu\u011fu k\u00fclt\u00fcr kenti Kazan, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi d\u00f6neminde de en ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 isimleri yeti\u015ftiren bereketli topraklard\u0131r. Rusya co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n Sibirya\u2019ya a\u00e7\u0131lan kap\u0131s\u0131 olan Tataristan, petrol ve do\u011falgaz ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere; \u00fclkenin en \u00f6nemli gelir kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu tah\u0131l, sebze, meyve, orman, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k, otomotif ve a\u011f\u0131r sanayinin de merkezidir&#8230; &nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>31 A\u011fustos 1991\u2019de \u00d6zerk Cumhuriyet olan Tataristan\u2019\u0131n Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Mintimer \u015eaymiyev, Rusya Devlet Konseyi Prezidyumu\u2019nun yedi \u00fcyesinden biridir. T\u00fcrk-Tatar ili\u015fkilerinde dostlu\u011fa \u00f6nem veren Ba\u015fkan \u015eaymiyev, Kazan ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, Tataristan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6teki kentlerinde son 10 y\u0131lda yap\u0131lan in\u015faatlar\u0131n %80\u2019ini T\u00fcrk yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lara yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve onlara memnuniyetini her defas\u0131nda dile getirmektedir. \u00d6zellikle; Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Saray\u0131, Merkez Bankas\u0131, Opera, Bale, Hipodrom, Metro, Kul \u015eerif Camisi, Pramit E\u011flence Merkezi, Basketbol Sahas\u0131, Akbars Bankas\u0131, Safar Oteli, Devlet \u00dcniversitesi restorasyonu, H\u00fck\u00fcmet Binas\u0131, \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Binas\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck super marketler ve toplu konut in\u015faatlar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede bitiren T\u00fcrk Yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar, Kazan\u2019da el \u00fcst\u00fcnde tutuluyor&#8230;&nbsp; Kazan\u2019da Kemalizm ve Leninizm y\u00fckselen de\u011fer&#8230;&nbsp; Kazan Lenin \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fcniversitelerinde 300\u2019den fazla burslu \u00f6\u011frenci okuyor&#8230; Bu b\u00f6lgede T\u00fcrkiye vatanda\u015f\u0131 toplam 9 bin T\u00fcrk bulunuyor. T\u00fcrkiye-Tataristan ili\u015fkileri her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn daha iyiye gidiyor&#8230;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>K\u0131\u015f\u0131n donan ve \u00fczerinden t\u0131rlar ge\u00e7en Volga nehri, \u00f6teki mevsimlerde ise toplu ula\u015f\u0131m ve petrol tankerlerine nakliye hizmeti veriyor. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en uzun ve en geni\u015f nehirlerinden biri olan Volga, ayn\u0131 zamanda turizm potansiyeli olarak da \u00fclke ekonomisine katk\u0131da bulunman\u0131n dingin ve ma\u011frur ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile insanl\u0131\u011fa binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r dostluk elini uzat\u0131yor&#8230; Volga\u2019n\u0131n k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda bulunan t\u00fcm kent ve k\u00f6ylerde rengarenk evlerde ve bereketli topraklarda ya\u015fayanlar, t\u00fcm farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n; birlikte ya\u015fama k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6rme\u011fini sergiliyor&#8230; &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Volga \u015fehirlerinden biri olan Kazan, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Rusya\u2019daki merkezidir ve Tataristan Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ba\u015fkentidir. Tatar T\u00fcrk Devleti\u2019nin temellerinin at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u0130slam dininin kabul edildi\u011fi, XIV. yy.da kaybolan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir yerle\u015fim yeri olan Bulgar\u2019\u0131 ziyaret eden turist say\u0131s\u0131 her y\u0131l daha da fazla artmaktad\u0131r. Kazan\u2019dan \u0130dil Bulgar k\u00f6y\u00fcne gitmek i\u00e7in deniz otob\u00fcs\u00fcne binmek ve 7 ile 42 km. geni\u015fli\u011finde, adeta bir denizi and\u0131r\u0131n Volga nehri k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda bulunan do\u011fa harikas\u0131 manzaran\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcs\u00fcne kap\u0131larak 2 bu\u00e7uk saat yol alman\u0131n dayan\u0131lmaz hafifli\u011fini ya\u015fars\u0131n\u0131z. \u00d6zellikle g\u00fcz aylar\u0131nda nehir k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n ve bitki \u00f6rt\u00fclerinin rengarenk yapraklar\u0131n\u0131n sudaki aks\u0131&nbsp; g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye de\u011fer. \u0130dil Bulgar k\u00f6y\u00fcndeki elma ve lahana bah\u00e7eleri aras\u0131nda bulunan \u00f6zg\u00fcn Sibirya ah\u015fap evlerinin renkli kap\u0131 ve pencere pervazlar\u0131 bir ba\u015fka g\u00fczel. \u0130dil Bulgar T\u00fcrk Devleti\u2019nin eski ba\u015fkenti olan Bulgar, Han\u2019\u0131n saray\u0131, t\u00fcrbesi, hamam, mescit, ak ev, kara ev, tekke i\u00e7indeki m\u00fcze, 13. yy.da yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Camik Medresesi ve hemen yan\u0131nda buluna 1847\u2019de yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan Rus Kilisesini mutlaka g\u00f6rmelisiniz&#8230; 147 basamakl\u0131 minarenin merdivenlerinden yukar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p, foto\u011fraf \u00e7ekmeyi unutmay\u0131n\u0131z&#8230; Organize edilen turlar buraya yaln\u0131z M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 de\u011fil, Ortodokslar\u0131 da \u00e7ekmektedir. Kazan Kalesi, Eski Tatar K\u00f6y\u00fc, Raifski Bogoroditski Manast\u0131r\u0131, Sviyanjsk ve Yelabug \u015fehirleri ve yak\u0131nlardaki M.S. 1000 y\u0131l\u0131nda Volga k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan topluluklar\u0131n birine ait yerle\u015fim merkezinin kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu harabeler \u00f6nemli tarihi yerlerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kazan \u015fehrinin en ilgin\u00e7 mimari yap\u0131s\u0131, \u015fehrin simgesi olan S\u00fcy\u00fcm Bike Kulesi\u2019dir. XVII. yy.\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f oldu\u011fu tahmin edilmektedir. Kulelerle ilgili pek \u00e7ok efsane vard\u0131r. Bunlardan birinde, yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde e\u015fine rastlanmam\u0131\u015f bir g\u00fczellikte olan dul S\u00fcy\u00fcm Bike Hatun\u2019u duyan Korkun\u00e7 \u0130van\u2019\u0131n ona kendisiyle evlenerek Moskova \u00c7ari\u00e7esi olmas\u0131n\u0131 teklif etti\u011fi anlat\u0131l\u0131r. S\u00fcy\u00fcm Bike\u2019nin bu teklifi reddetmesi \u00fczerine Ruslar Kazan\u2019a sefer d\u00fczenlemi\u015ftir. Bir katliam \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 istemeyen S\u00fcy\u00fcm Bike, bir \u015fartla Korkun\u00e7 \u0130van\u2019la evlenmeye raz\u0131 olur: D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn hediyesi olarak bir hafta i\u00e7inde Kazan\u2019da bulunan b\u00fct\u00fcn minarelerden daha y\u00fcksek bir kule yap\u0131lmal\u0131yd\u0131. D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn gecesi verilen ziyafet esnas\u0131nda gelin, Moskova\u2019ya hareket etmeden \u00f6nce son defa do\u011fdu\u011fu \u015fehre yukar\u0131dan bakmak istedi. Son kata kadar \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve\u2026 K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck o\u011fluyla beraber a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 atlad\u0131. Bunu g\u00f6ren Korkun\u00e7 \u0130van, Kazan\u2019\u0131 yakt\u0131&#8230; <em>(S\u00fcrecek)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>KAZAN Kentini T\u00fcrk M\u00fchendisleri yeniden yarat\u0131yor<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; 2005\u2019de 1000. kurulu\u015f y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck t\u00f6renlerle kutlayan ve Volga \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan Milenyum k\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc ile ta\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131lan ba\u015fkent Kazan, T\u00fcrk yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n, teknik elemanlar\u0131n ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00f6zverili ve ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ile yeniden in\u015fa edilen ve eski tarihi dokusu korunan Kazan, geleneksel ile \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f mimari dokunun birlikte y\u00fckseldi\u011fi bir cennet d\u00fcnya kenti&#8230; Kazan\u2019\u0131 yeniden yaratan T\u00fcrk yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lardan biri olan Kristal Plus\u2019un patronlar\u0131ndan <strong>Metin Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m <\/strong>(14 y\u0131ld\u0131r Kazan\u2019da i\u015f yap\u0131yor) ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, Odak ve AGM-Akol \u0130n\u015faat \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra; Kazan\u2019da bulunan T\u00fcrk lokanta ve i\u015fyerleri de kaliteli ve \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f hizmet sunuyorlar&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cT\u00fcrkler bizim \u00f6z karde\u015fimizdir&#8230;\u201d diyen Tataristan Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Mintimer \u015eaymiyer ve&nbsp; \u201cKazan, i\u00e7inden su akan \u0130stanbul\u2019un karde\u015fidir..\u201d diyen Merkez Bankas\u0131 Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Yevgeni Barisevi\u00e7 Buga\u00e7ov ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, Ba\u015fbakan, Belediye Ba\u015fkan\u0131 ve \u00f6teki t\u00fcm yetkililer, \u201cTatar, Rus, T\u00fcrk i\u015fadamlar\u0131 Derne\u011fi\u201d Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Ahmet Altop ve ikinci Ba\u015fkan Metin Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m\u2019\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ba\u015flat\u0131lan \u201cT\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi\u201dnin bir an \u00f6nce bitirilmesi i\u00e7in destekliyorlar. Bu konuda T.C. K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Turizm Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n verdi\u011fi s\u00f6zde durmay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan da \u015fikayet ediyorlar&#8230; T\u00fcm bu g\u00fczelliklerin resmi boyutta geli\u015fmesine katk\u0131da bulunan T\u00fcrkiye Kazan Ba\u015fkonsolosu Kemal Demirciler\u2019in de iyi bir diplomasi trafi\u011fi y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne tan\u0131k oldum&#8230;&nbsp; \u201c\u00c7\u0131lg\u0131n T\u00fcrkler\u201d Kazan ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, t\u00fcm Rusya Federasyonu topraklar\u0131nda \u00f6vg\u00fcye de\u011fer i\u015flere ba\u015far\u0131yla imza at\u0131yor&#8230; Ak Umut \u00d6\u011frenci Yurdu hocalar\u0131n\u0131n konukseverli\u011fi bir ba\u015fka g\u00fczel&#8230; V.\u0130.U. Lenin, Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi \u00f6\u011frencisi iken ilk \u00f6\u011frenci boykotunu burada yapm\u0131\u015f ve okuldan at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kazan-Lenin \u00dcniversitesi T\u00fcrkoloji B\u00f6l\u00fcm Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Prof. Dr. Jamil Zainullin, \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyeleri ve \u00f6\u011frencilerinin T\u00fcrkiye sevdas\u0131 alk\u0131\u015fa de\u011fer&#8230; T\u00fcrklerin yo\u011fun olarak gittikleri Cafe To Go, Antalya Restorant, Joker Restoran, Miraj Hotel gibi yerlerde T\u00fcrk mutfa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en leziz yemeklerini Tatar b\u00f6re\u011fi ile birlikte yiyebilirsiniz&#8230; \u0130stanbul\u2019dan Kazan\u2019a THY ile tarifeli u\u00e7u\u015flar yap\u0131l\u0131yor.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130\u00e7inden Volga akan tarihi ve modern kent Kazan\u2019\u0131n gezilip g\u00f6r\u00fclecek yerlerinin ba\u015f\u0131nda, hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz Volga k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 gelir&#8230; Bir de, Kazan Kremlin Tepesi&#8230; Bu tepe \u00fczerinde Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Saray\u0131,&nbsp; Kremlin Kalesi, Kul \u015eerif Camisi, 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda B\u00fcy\u00fck Vatan Cephesi\u2019nde \u015fehit d\u00fc\u015fen gen\u00e7 Tatar \u015eairi Musa Celil \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck An\u0131t\u0131, Sevim Bike Camisi, Ortadoks Kilisesi, Bou\u011fman Caddesi, Petersburg Caddesi, Tren \u0130stasyonu, \u00f6zg\u00fcn mimarisi ve mavi \u00e7inili minareleri ve kubbeleriyle dikkati \u00e7eken T\u00fcrk Camisi, Milenyum K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc, temizlenirken \u00f6zel i\u015flem g\u00f6rece\u011finiz Tatar Hamam\u0131, T\u00fcrk y\u00fckleniciler taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan modern ali\u015f veri\u00e7 yerlerini ve Kazan M\u00fczesini gezmeyi unutmay\u0131n&#8230; Kazan\u2019da Volga nehrinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan lasos, som, mersin, yay\u0131n, sazan, \u00e7urtan, karpy, karas bal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra; g\u00fcve\u00e7te tand\u0131r, \u00f6le\u015f, \u00fc\u00e7pu\u00e7mak, Tatar b\u00f6re\u011fi, \u00e7oban salatas\u0131 ve Khanskaya votkas\u0131 ile ak\u015fam yeme\u011finin tad\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n&#8230;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Benimle D\u00fcnyan\u0131n 66 halini g\u00f6rmek mi istiyorsunuz? Gezi haritan\u0131zda yeni yerleri i\u015faretleyiniz. Ba\u015fka k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri ve co\u011frafyalar\u0131 ke\u015ffetmek i\u00e7in, 6 saat zaman fark\u0131 olan; Transsibirya Tren Hatt\u0131 ile do\u011fuya do\u011fru-Sibirya\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6teki ucuna do\u011fru 10 bin km\u2019lik ser\u00fcven dolu 10 g\u00fcnl\u00fck bir yolculu\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kmak i\u00e7in iyi bir f\u0131rsat&#8230; 89 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Naz\u0131m\u2019\u0131n sevgilisi ve doktoru Galina\u2019y\u0131, Gla\u015finkov ve \u00c7aykovisky m\u00fczesini g\u00f6rmeden yola ba\u015flamay\u0131n&#8230; Sibirya 10 ad\u0131m&#8230;&nbsp; Altay, Hakas ve Tuva \u015eaman T\u00fcrkleri sizi bekliyor&#8230; Volga\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra;&nbsp; Obi ve Yenisey Irmaklar\u0131 ile Baykal G\u00f6l\u00fc \u00e7evresinde ota\u011f kuran halklar ve ku\u015flarla konu\u015fup, kokla\u015fmaya var m\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z? \u015eifal\u0131 Kutsal \u015eaman Ana\u2019n\u0131n ate\u015fiyle ba\u015flayan i\u00e7sel yolculuk i\u00e7in haz\u0131r m\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z? \u00d6yleyse, Yoleri gezgin dervi\u015f\u2019e e\u015flik etmenin tam zaman\u0131&#8230; Yolda\u015f\u00e7a&#8230; &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130\u00e7inden Volga akan kent Kazan\u2019da, liman\u0131n\u0131 arayan son gemiye siz binin ve Rus-T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn tarihi zengin miras\u0131na tan\u0131kl\u0131k edin&#8230; Avrasya\u2019n\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fi ve gelece\u011fi hakk\u0131nda bilgi, g\u00f6rg\u00fc ve deneyim sahibi olman\u0131n ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 mutlaka ya\u015fay\u0131n&#8230; Tataristan K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcnyesinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Halklar Dostlu\u011fu Evi\u2019nde g\u00f6revli uzman kent\u00e7i \u00c7ulpan Khabibullina ve \u015fair annesi Nozelya\u2019n\u0131n Safranbolu\u2019ya \u00f6vg\u00fc dizen \u015fiirindeki co\u015fku ile imge y\u00fckl\u00fc s\u00f6ylemler, asl\u0131nda Kazanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk olman\u0131n ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tl\u0131yor. Onlar UNESCO\u2019nun birer g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc el\u00e7ileri&#8230; Onlar, Kazan kentinin sevdal\u0131lar\u0131&#8230;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>UNESCO taraf\u0131ndan korumaya al\u0131nan D\u00fcnya Kent Miras\u0131 Kazan\u2019\u0131n turistik ve tarihi dokusu ile bir d\u00fcnya cennetinde oldu\u011funuzun fark\u0131na var\u0131n&#8230; Fark\u0131n fark\u0131na var\u0131n&#8230; Birbirinden g\u00fczel sevdal\u0131 Kazan k\u0131zlar\u0131yla dans edip \u015fark\u0131 s\u00f6ylemeden \u00f6lmeyin&#8230; Nasrettin Hoca\u2019n\u0131n do\u011furan kazan\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inden akan nehir, nice masallara ve destanlara tan\u0131kl\u0131k etmi\u015f Kazan \u015fehrinin karde\u015fidir&#8230; Bir ba\u015fka co\u011frafyay\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ke\u015ffetmek \u00fczere yollarday\u0131z yine&#8230; U\u00e7uk, ayk\u0131r\u0131 ve delice&#8230; Kazan kayn\u0131yor&#8230; \u015eaman dans\u0131 \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve Volga dinginli\u011finde&#8230; Dostlukla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>M\u0130LENYUMUNU KUTLAYAN K<\/strong><strong>AZAN<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcm Rusya topraklar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi giderek n\u00fcfusu azalan ve bu g\u00fcn 4 milyon n\u00fcfusu ile halk\u0131n\u0131n % 60\u2019\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Tatar T\u00fcrk\u00fc olan Tataristan\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Kazan \u015fehrinin 2005\u2019de, <strong>1000\u2019inci kurulu\u015f y\u0131l\u0131 (Milenyum\u2019u) <\/strong>co\u015fkuyla kutland\u0131. Bininci y\u0131l (Milenyum) kutlamalar\u0131nda, folklorik ve t\u00fcm k\u00fclt\u00fcrel duru\u015flar\u0131yla burada ya\u015fayan Tatar T\u00fcrkleri ve burada \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan 4 bin civar\u0131ndaki T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrklerinin ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 co\u015fkulu bir bayram havas\u0131nda ge\u00e7mesi, Ata yurdu bu topraklardaki soyda\u015flar\u0131m\u0131zla olan dayan\u0131\u015fmam\u0131za g\u00fc\u00e7 katmaktad\u0131r&#8230;. Son 10 y\u0131ld\u0131r T\u00fcrk i\u015fadamlar\u0131n\u0131n bu b\u00f6lgede yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 cami, i\u015fyeri, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve spor kompleksleri, resmi ve \u00f6zel binalar, l\u00fcks al\u0131\u015f veri\u015f merkezleri, otel ve e\u011flence yerleri, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f ve ya\u015fan\u0131labilir toplu konut alanlar\u0131 ile; Kazan kentini, geleneksel ile modern dokuyu bulu\u015fturan \u00f6zellik ve g\u00fczelliklere kavu\u015fturdu.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bundan bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce Orta Asya\u2019dan g\u00f6\u00e7 eden Tatar T\u00fcrk boyu; k\u0131y\u0131dan k\u0131y\u0131ya geni\u015fli\u011fi 8 kilometreyi ge\u00e7en Volga nehri k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda bulunan 13\u2019\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131lda Bulgar kasabas\u0131na yerle\u015fen \u0130dil Bulgar T\u00fcrklerinin yo\u011fun olarak ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu kasaba, binlerce y\u0131l s\u00fcren her t\u00fcr bask\u0131 ve asimilasyon politikalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini ve \u0130slami \u00f6zelliklerini yitirmediler&#8230; \u0130dil Bulgar kasabas\u0131nda bulunan tarihi yerle\u015fim, hamam, cami ve medrese avlusuna yap\u0131lan kilisenin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc, halkalar\u0131n t\u00fcm farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n; birlikte ya\u015fama k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn bir simgesi olarak duruyor&#8230; Kazan\u2019da bulunan camiler, \u00f6zg\u00fcn mimari dokusu olan dev yap\u0131lar&nbsp; ve \u00f6teki T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn izleri, Volga k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda bir uygarl\u0131k harikas\u0131 olarak y\u00fckseliyor&#8230;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yemeklerinden d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ve bayramlar\u0131na, giysilerinden danslar\u0131na&#8230; geleneksel k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinde \u00e7ekirdek aile ve \u00f6teki toplumsal de\u011ferlerini koruyan ve \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f yap\u0131lanmalar\u0131yla da dikkati \u00e7eken Kazan Tatar T\u00fcrkleri, \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fkan, disiplinli, konuksever, gelenek\u00e7i ve biraz da inat olarak tan\u0131nmaktalar.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131 d\u00f6neminde yap\u0131lan bask\u0131lar sonucu bu topraklar\u0131 terk edip, Anadolu\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 eden Tatar T\u00fcrklerinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, bu g\u00fcn Konya\u2019n\u0131n Cihanbeyli il\u00e7esi ve Eski\u015fehir\u2019de ya\u015famaktalar&#8230; Uzun aral\u0131klardan sonra bu iki akraba topluluk, birbirleriyle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar&#8230;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u201cKazan\u201d ad\u0131 nereden geliyor?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kazan \u015fehrinin en ilgin\u00e7 mimari yap\u0131s\u0131, \u015fehrin simgesi olan ve bir kazana benzeyen S\u00fcy\u00fcm Bike Kulesi\u2019dir. XVII. yy.\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f oldu\u011fu tahmin edilmektedir. Kulelerle ilgili pek \u00e7ok efsane vard\u0131r. Bunlardan birinde, yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde e\u015fine rastlanmam\u0131\u015f bir g\u00fczellikte olan dul S\u00fcy\u00fcm Bike Hatun\u2019u duyan Rus kasab\u0131 olarak bilinen Korkun\u00e7 \u0130van\u2019\u0131n ona kendisiyle evlenerek Moskova \u00c7ari\u00e7esi olmas\u0131n\u0131 teklif etti\u011fi anlat\u0131l\u0131r. S\u00fcy\u00fcm Bike\u2019nin bu teklifi reddetmesi \u00fczerine Ruslar Kazan\u2019a sefer d\u00fczenlemi\u015ftir. Bir katliam \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 istemeyen S\u00fcy\u00fcm Bike, bir \u015fartla Korkun\u00e7 \u0130van\u2019la evlenmeye raz\u0131 olur: D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn hediyesi olarak bir hafta i\u00e7inde Kazan\u2019da bulunan b\u00fct\u00fcn minarelerden daha y\u00fcksek bir kule yap\u0131lmal\u0131yd\u0131. D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn gecesi verilen ziyafet esnas\u0131nda gelin, Moskova\u2019ya hareket etmeden \u00f6nce son defa do\u011fdu\u011fu \u015fehre yukar\u0131dan bakmak istedi. Son kata kadar \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve\u2026 K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck o\u011fluyla beraber a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 atlad\u0131. Bunu g\u00f6ren Korkun\u00e7 \u0130van, bir kazana benzeyen Kazan kentini yakt\u0131&#8230; Yanan bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00fczerine yeniden in\u015fa edilen Kazan\u2019\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131n buradan geldi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenmekte ise de; asl\u0131nda bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce bu verimli topraklar\u0131 yurt edinen; yerle\u015fik k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve ziraat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131kta olduk\u00e7a ileri olan i\u00e7inden Volga Nehri akan ve binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k do\u011fal, tarihi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel zengin miras\u0131 nedeniyle, pek \u00e7ok \u015fair, yazar ve sant\u00e7\u0131lara esin kayna\u011f\u0131 olan Kazan kenti halk\u0131n\u0131n ve Kent ad\u0131n\u0131n, Tatar T\u00fcrklerinin soy a\u011fac\u0131 ad\u0131ndan geldi\u011fi bilinmektedir&#8230;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kazan kenti tarihi dokusu&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kazan<\/strong> (<a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tatarca\">Tatarca<\/a>: \u041a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d, <em>Qazan, <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tataristan\">Tataristan<\/a>&#8216;\u0131n ba\u015fkentidir. N\u00fcfusu 2002 say\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re: 1.105.289&#8217;dur. \u015eehrin y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc 287.8&nbsp;km\u00b2 olup 7 belediyesi (rayon) bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u015eehrin uluslararas\u0131 bir havaliman\u0131, \u0130dil Nehri kenar\u0131nda bir liman\u0131 ve <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rusya\">Rusya Federasyonu<\/a>\u2019nun <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Avrupa\">Avrupa<\/a> k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sibirya\">Sibirya<\/a>\u2019ya ba\u011flayan bir tren istasyonu bulunmaktad\u0131r. <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rusya\">Rusya<\/a>&#8216;n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck 8. kentidir. Sembol\u00fc <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zilant\">Zilant<\/a> adl\u0131 efsanevi y\u0131land\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u015eehre ad\u0131n\u0131 veren <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kazan_(Irmak)\">Kazan<\/a> (Kazanka) nehrinin <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%25C4%25B0dil\">\u0130dil<\/a> (Volga) nehriyle birle\u015fti\u011fi ve \u0130dil\u2019in bir dirsek \u015feklini ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 noktada kurulmu\u015ftur. B\u00f6lgede bulunan ta\u015f devrine ait isk\u00e2n izleri ve \u015fehrin 7&nbsp;km. civar\u0131nda bulunan tun\u00e7 devri eserleri ile demir devri ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131na ait mezarlar b\u00f6lgenin eski \u00e7a\u011flardan beri yerle\u015fim alan\u0131 olarak se\u00e7ildi\u011fini ispatlamaktad\u0131r. Kazan \u015fehrinin i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu bu co\u011fraf\u00ee b\u00f6lge, III. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren de \u00e7e\u015fitli T\u00fcrk devletlerinin hakimiyet sahas\u0131 i\u00e7ine girmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kazan, 1437-1552 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kazan_Hanl%25C4%25B1%25C4%259F%25C4%25B1\">Kazan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/a>\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti, 1708-1920 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kazan_Vilayeti&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Kazan Vilayetinin<\/a> (guberniya) merkezi, 27 May\u0131s 1920\u2019de Tataristan Muhtar Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin, 30 A\u011fustos 1990\u2019da Tataristan Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin, 7 \u015eubat 1992\u2019den itibaren de Rusya Federasyonu\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tataristan_Cumhuriyeti\">Tataristan Cumhuriyeti<\/a>\u2019nin ba\u015fkenti oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%25C4%25B0dil_Bulgar_Devleti&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u0130dil Bulgar Devleti<\/a>\u2019nin Abdullah Han zaman\u0131nda ink\u0131raza u\u011framas\u0131 ile han\u0131n iki o\u011flu Alimbek ve Alt\u0131nbek, Kazan nehri boyuna gelerek Eski Kazan olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan \u015fehri kurdular. Bu \u015fehir bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Kazan \u015fehrinin 45 km daha yukar\u0131s\u0131nda yer al\u0131yordu. \u015eehir daha sonraki tarihlerde \u0130dil \u0131rma\u011f\u0131n\u0131n a\u011fz\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131 ve bug\u00fcn Kazan olarak isimlendirilen \u015fehir kurulmu\u015f oldu. \u015eehrin ad\u0131n\u0131n Kazan nehrinden geldi\u011fi bilinmekle beraber Kazan nehrine bu ismin neden verildi\u011fi bilinmiyor. V. Radloff, M. Hudyakov, A. N. Sergeev, P. \u0130. Ri\u00e7kov, A. B. Taymas, N. Bajenov, M. Penigen, M. S. \u015epilevskiy ve E. G. Bu\u015fkanets, Kazan isminin Kazan nehrinden geldi\u011fini, Kazan nehrine de bu ismin dibindeki derin \u00e7ukurlardan dolay\u0131 verildi\u011fini yazmaktad\u0131rlar. K. Fuks, A. S. Dubrovin, \u015e. Mercan\u00ee ve N. P. Zagoskin, Kazan \u015fehrini Kazan Han ya da Kazan isimli bir \u015fahs\u0131n kurdu\u011funu ve \u015fehre bu nedenle Kazan isminin verildi\u011fini iddia etmektedirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alt%25C4%25B1n_Ordu\">Alt\u0131n Ordu<\/a> devletinin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra 1437 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kazan_Hanl%25C4%25B1%25C4%259F%25C4%25B1\">Kazan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/a>&#8216;n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti olan Kazan, bu tarihten itibaren \u00f6nemli bir ticaret merkezi oldu. <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sibirya\">Sibirya<\/a> ve <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orta_Asya\">Orta Asya<\/a>&#8216;ya ula\u015f\u0131m yollar\u0131 \u00fczerinde bulunmas\u0131, b\u00f6lgede yaz aylar\u0131nda kurulan panay\u0131rlar, \u015fehrin ticar\u00ee ve siyas\u00ee \u00f6nemini artt\u0131rd\u0131. \u015eehir k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcrede cami, saray, medrese gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli \u0130slam\u00ee eserlerle tezyin edildi ve \u0130dil-Ural b\u00f6lgesinin en \u00f6nemli \u015fehirlerinden biri haline geldi. Ancak hanl\u0131ktaki i\u00e7 \u00e7eki\u015fmeler ve yo\u011fun Rus bask\u0131s\u0131 neticesinde \u015fehir 1552 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ruslar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7ti. \u015eehirde bulunan Han Saray\u0131, Nur Ali ve Kul \u015eerif camileri, Han Mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi pek \u00e7ok \u0130slam\u00ee eser ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Sadece bug\u00fcn de sa\u011flam durmakta olan S\u00fcy\u00fcm Bike minaresine dokunulmad\u0131. K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 tu\u011fladan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f 53 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011findeki bu minare, Kazan kalesinin de i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu \u015fehrin en y\u00fcksek noktas\u0131na in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. Bug\u00fcn Kremlin olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan bu b\u00f6lge, 2001 y\u0131l\u0131nda <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UNESCO\">UNESCO<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan \u201ctarihi miras\u201d olarak kabul edildi. 1998 y\u0131l\u0131nda buraya Kul \u015eerif ad\u0131nda d\u00f6rt minareli bir cami in\u015fas\u0131na ba\u015flan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kazan 1552 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%25C4%25B0slam\">\u0130slam\u00ee<\/a> \u015fehir kimli\u011fini kaybederek bir <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/H%25C4%25B1ristiyan\">H\u0131ristiyan<\/a> \u015fehri kimli\u011fine b\u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fc ve 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131na kadar bu \u00f6zelli\u011fini korudu. Kazan\u2019\u0131n Rus hakimiyetine ge\u00e7mesinden sonra <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%25C3%2587arl%25C4%25B1k_Rusya\">\u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131<\/a> ilk defa M\u00fcsl\u00fcman tebaa ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131. \u0130dareciler imparatorlu\u011fun bu yeni tebaas\u0131n\u0131 Hristiyan yapmak suretiyle daha iyi bir Rus tebaas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in 1555 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kazan\u2019da bir piskoposlukla kurdular. Piskopos Guriy 1555-1576 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir Hristiyanla\u015ft\u0131rma ba\u015flatt\u0131. Kazan piskoposlu\u011fu devletin de yard\u0131m\u0131yla k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede \u0130dil-Ural b\u00f6lgesinin en \u00f6nemli misyoner merkezlerinden biri haline getirildi. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman tebaa zorla ve \u00e7e\u015fitli vaatlerle Hristiyan olmaya zorland\u0131.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kazan ve b\u00f6lgesine Rus n\u00fcfusun yerle\u015ftirilmesi, dinlerini de\u011fi\u015ftirmeleri i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan bask\u0131lar Tatarlar\u0131 1556&#8217;da isyana s\u00fcr\u00fckledi. Ancak isyan k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve din de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyenlerin \u015fehir surlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ya\u015famalar\u0131 yasakland\u0131. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar \u015fehrin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve bug\u00fcn de Eski Tatar Mahallesi olarak bilinen yeni bir mahalle kurdular. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonuna kadar Kazan\u2019daki Hristiyan ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar ayr\u0131 mahallelerde ve k\u00f6ylerde ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Kazan 1552-1829 tarihleri aras\u0131nda 9 b\u00fcy\u00fck yang\u0131n ge\u00e7irdi. 24 A\u011fustos 1829 tarihindeki yang\u0131nda 9 kilise ve 1309 ev yand\u0131. 1714 y\u0131l\u0131nda Zuye, Viyatka, Kongor, Simbir ve Penza \u015fehirlerini i\u00e7ine alan Kazan eyaleti te\u015fkil edildi. 1722 y\u0131l\u0131nda <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%25C3%2587ar_I_Petro&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u00c7ar I Petro<\/a> Kazan\u2019\u0131 ziyaret etti, bu ziyaretten sonra \u015fehrin ticar\u00ee ve sosyal \u00f6nemi artmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00c7ar\u0131n emriyle \u015fehirde askerler i\u00e7in kundura ve nehir gemileri yapan fabrikalar kuruldu. 1726\u2019da Duhovni Seminariya a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. 1758 y\u0131l\u0131nda ilk erkek lisesi (gimnazyum) a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%25C3%2587ari%25C3%25A7e_II._Katerina\">\u00c7ari\u00e7e II. Katerina<\/a> 1767 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kazan\u2019\u0131 ziyaret etti. Bu ziyaret s\u0131ras\u0131nda <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/M%25C3%25BCsl%25C3%25BCmanlar\">M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar<\/a> kendisine m\u00fcracaat ederek cami yap\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in izin istediler. II. Katerina\u2019n\u0131n verdi\u011fi izinle <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/M%25C3%25BCsl%25C3%25BCmanlar\">M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar<\/a> Kazan\u2019\u0131n Ruslar taraf\u0131ndan fethinden sonra ilk camiyi 1766 y\u0131l\u0131nda in\u015fa ettiler. Bu cami bug\u00fcn <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Mercan%25C3%25AE_camisi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Mercan\u00ee camisi<\/a> olarak bilinmektedir. \u015eehirdeki ikinci cami 1768 y\u0131l\u0131nda Apanayev ailesi taraf\u0131ndan yapt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. 1771 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ahundov ve Apanay medreseleri a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1774 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130dil-Ural b\u00f6lgesinde \u00e7arl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir isyan giri\u015fimi ba\u015flatan Puga\u00e7ev, Kazan\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi. \u0130syan s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u015fehirde \u00e7\u0131kan yang\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn devam etti. Tarihi yap\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu bu yang\u0131n s\u0131ras\u0131nda yok oldu, sadece \u015fehrin kalesi sa\u011flam kald\u0131. Bu isyan giri\u015fiminin bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra yeniden Kazan\u2019\u0131n imar\u0131na ba\u015fland\u0131. 1791\u2019de ilk Rus tiyatrosu, 1786\u2019da barut fabrikas\u0131 ve 1797\u2019de Duhovni Akademi a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. 1785 y\u0131l\u0131nda yeni arazi d\u00fczenlemesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u0130dil ve Kama nehirleri aras\u0131ndaki yerler Kazan eyaletine ba\u011fland\u0131. 1804 y\u0131l\u0131nda <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kazan_%25C3%259Cniversitesi\">Kazan \u00dcniversitesi<\/a> a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Bug\u00fcn hal\u00e2 hizmet vermekte olan \u00fcniversitenin ana binas\u0131 1805-1814 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda in\u015fa edildi. 1800 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u015fehirde ilk matbaa, 1809 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fcniversite matbaas\u0131, 1811 y\u0131l\u0131nda da ilk kitap ma\u011fazas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kazan\u2019da \u015eark Matbaas\u0131 (Azyatiski Tipografiya) isimli ilk Arap harfli matbaa da yine 1800 y\u0131l\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Bu matbaada 1802-1810 tarihleri aras\u0131nda 50 bine yak\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli dini kitaplar ve <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kur%25E2%2580%2599an\">Kur\u2019an<\/a> bas\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130kinci Arap harfli matbaa 1802 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kaan \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Bu iki matbaa 1829 y\u0131l\u0131nda birle\u015ftirildi. Haritanov Matbaas\u0131, Kazan\u2019daki Arap harfli matbaalar\u0131n en iyilerinden biri idi. Bu matbaada 1909 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar 2 milyon civar\u0131nda \u0130slam\u00ee eser bas\u0131ld\u0131. <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sibirya\">Sibirya<\/a>&#8216;n\u0131n yerle\u015fime a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra \u015fehrin ticari \u00f6nemi daha da artt\u0131.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>XX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kazan, Rusya \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun en \u00f6nemli ticaret ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezlerinden biri durumuna geldi. 2 Ocak 1848\u2019de ilk banka, 24 May\u0131s 1850\u2019de ilk k\u0131z lisesi, 1860&#8217;ta ilk deri fabrikas\u0131 (Alafuzov), 1865&#8217;te \u015fehir k\u00fct\u00fcphanesi, 1876\u2019da Tatar \u00d6\u011fretmen Okulu, 1881 ilk m\u00fczik okulu a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. \u015eehrin en b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fct\u00fcphanesi olan Kazan Devlet \u00dcniversitesi K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi (Nau\u00e7naya Biblioteka \u0130meni N. \u0130. Loba\u00e7evskogo) 1814 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren kitap toplamaya ba\u015flad\u0131. 1907 y\u0131l\u0131nda 18.508 ki\u015finin istifade etti\u011fi k\u00fct\u00fcphanede 160 bin cilt kitap bulunuyordu. 1997 say\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re k\u00fct\u00fcphanede 4.700 bin cilt kitap bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu kitaplar\u0131n 153 bin cildi Tatarca, 23 bin cildi de Arap harfli matbu ve el yazmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u015eehirdeki di\u011fer bir \u00f6nemli k\u00fct\u00fcphane de Tataristan Mill\u00ee K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi\u2019dir. Bu k\u00fct\u00fcphanede de 3.700 bin cilt kitap bulunmaktad\u0131r ve bunlar\u0131n 80 bin cildi <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tatarca\">Tatarcad\u0131r<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kazan 27 May\u0131s 1920\u2019de kurulan <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Tataristan_Muhtar_Cumhuriyeti&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Tataristan Muhtar Cumhuriyeti<\/a>\u2019nin ba\u015fkenti olduktan sonra h\u0131zla geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. 1926\u2019da yolcu otob\u00fcsleri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. 1928\u2019de kanalizasyon in\u015fas\u0131na ve yeni konut yap\u0131m\u0131na ba\u015fland\u0131. 1932 y\u0131l\u0131nda havac\u0131l\u0131k enstit\u00fcs\u00fc ve sinema filmi \u00fcreten bir fabrika a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. 13 Nisan 1945&#8217;te Rusya \u0130limler Akademisi\u2019nin Kazan \u015fubesi a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. 1954 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u015fehre do\u011fal gaz boru hatlar\u0131 d\u00f6\u015fenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kazan \u00dcniversitesi, Pedagoji \u00dcniversitesi, Teknik \u00dcniversite, Konservatuvar ve \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00fcksek okullar, \u015fehirdeki en \u00f6nemli \u00f6\u011fretim kurumlard\u0131r. \u0130limler Akademisi\u2019ne ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli enstit\u00fcler de \u00fcniversite sonras\u0131 e\u011fitim verilmektedir. Galiasker Kemal, Kerim Tin\u00e7urin, Musa Celil, Ka\u00e7alov drama tiyatrosu \u015fehirdeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck tiyatrolard\u0131r. Tukay, Lenin, Musa Celil, Gorki ve Devlet M\u00fczesi (700 bin par\u00e7a koleksiyonu bulunmaktad\u0131r) \u015fehirdeki \u00f6nemli m\u00fczelerdir.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sovyetler Birli\u011fi D\u00f6nemde in\u015fa edilen yeni \u00fcniversite binalar\u0131, parlamento binas\u0131, sirk ve Tataristan oteli, \u015fehirdeki g\u00f6rkemli yap\u0131lardan baz\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1990\u2019dan sonra T\u00fcrkiyeli in\u015faat \u015firketleri taraf\u0131ndan in\u015fa edilen devlet binalar\u0131, spor saray\u0131, pramit (e\u011flence merkezi), Safar oteli ve filarmoni salonu \u015fehirdeki modern yap\u0131lardan baz\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca 1990\u2019dan sonra Kazan\u2019\u0131n hemen hemen her mahallesinde in\u015fa edilmeye ba\u015flayan de\u011fi\u015fik mimarideki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck camiler ve kiliseler de \u015fehre \u00e7ok dinli bir kimlik vermi\u015ftir. Devlet m\u00fczesi, Tukay m\u00fczesi, Mill\u00ee K\u00fct\u00fcphane binas\u0131, Opera binas\u0131, Mercan\u00ee, Apanay, Burnay, Ecim (Azimov), Pe\u00e7en Pazar\u0131 ve Sultan camileri ile St. Pavel ve St. Pyotr kiliseleri ve Kazan Lenin \u00dcniversite binas\u0131 Kazan&#8217;daki \u00f6nemli tarihi eserlerden baz\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Volga (\u0130dil) Irma\u011f\u0131<\/strong> kenar\u0131nda yer alan <strong>Kazan <\/strong>kenti, binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k tarihi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel zengin dokusu yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, do\u011fal g\u00fczellikleri ve zengin mutfak k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ile de<strong> Tataristan \u00d6zerk Cumhuriyeti\u2019<\/strong>nin ve genel olarak da Rusya Federasyonu\u2019nun e\u015fsiz co\u011frafyalar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda gelmektedir. D\u00fcnyada farkl\u0131 mevsimlerde, mutlaka gezip g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi gereken yerlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda gelen, i\u00e7inden Volga akan Kazan\u2019\u0131 merakla ke\u015ffetmek ve belgelemek istiyor iseniz, gezi haritan\u0131za Kazan\u2019\u0131 i\u015faretleyiniz\u2026 \u00d6mr\u00fcn\u00fczde kazan kaynamadan, Kazan\u2019\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcz\u2026 G\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcz arkada kalmas\u0131n\u2026 Trans Sibir treni ile Sibirya co\u011frafyas\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m 10 bin kilometrelik ve 21 g\u00fcnl\u00fck kezimin 3. dura\u011f\u0131 olan Kazan, yeni konuklar\u0131n\u0131 bekliyor\u2026 3. kez gitti\u011fim Kazan gezimde, beni konuk eden de\u011ferli i\u015f adam\u0131 <strong>Metin Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m,<\/strong> TYH ve Kazan \u00d6\u011frenci Yurdu M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc <strong>H\u00fcseyin K\u0131l\u0131n\u00e7 ve Fatih Beye<\/strong> ayr\u0131ca te\u015fekk\u00fcr ederim\u2026 Bu gezimde bana pek \u00e7ok olanaklar sa\u011flayan, Kazan Kentini yeniden in\u015fa eden y\u00fcklenici firma sahibi olan rehber arkada\u015f\u0131m <strong>Metin Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m,<\/strong> Kazan\u2019da hala izleri bulunan <strong>\u0130dil Bulgar Tatar T\u00fcrk Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 <\/strong>hakk\u0131nda \u015fu bilgileri verdi\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kazan\u2019da<\/strong> <strong>\u0130dil Bulgar Tatar T\u00fcrk Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rusya Federasyonu\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 Tataristan\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Kazan \u015fehri s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde yer alan <strong>Volga (\u0130dil) Nehri<\/strong> k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda yer alan antik <strong>\u0130dil Bulgar T\u00fcrk K\u00f6y\u00fc\u2019<\/strong>n\u00fcn tarihi dokusu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ok eski zamanlara dayanmaktad\u0131r. K\u00f6y\u00fcn giri\u015finde ter alan antik tarihi yap\u0131lar, bu ger\u00e7e\u011fi belgelemektedir. <strong>M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Tatar T\u00fcrkleri ile Ortadoks Ruslar\u0131n <\/strong>binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r sorunsuz ve karde\u015f\u00e7e birlikte ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 bilinmektedir. \u00d6zellikle bu k\u00f6yde bulunan <strong>Kilise ve Caminin yan yana olan g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc,<\/strong> farkl\u0131 inan\u00e7tan olan halklar\u0131n birlikte ya\u015fama k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, pek \u00e7ok co\u011frafyadaki topluluklara \u00f6rnek te\u015fkil etmektedir. Burada yer alan m\u00fczeyi gezmek ve tar\u0131mla u\u011fra\u015fan insanlar\u0131n bu k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne tan\u0131kl\u0131k etmenin g\u00fczelli\u011fini ya\u015famak olduk\u00e7a ho\u015f bir an\u0131d\u0131r. Bu k\u00f6yde yer alan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halk\u0131n zor ko\u015fullarda ve farkl\u0131 sistemlerde,&nbsp; kendi inan\u00e7 ve ata k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini bu g\u00fcne kadar korumu\u015f olmalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlemek ise, bir ba\u015fka tarihi medeniyetlere tan\u0131k olman\u0131n ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda, \u0130dil Bulgar T\u00fcrk K\u00f6y\u00fcn\u00fc yurt edinen M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halk\u0131n tarihi dokusu<strong> (\u00d6n \u0130dil Bulgar Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131) <\/strong>hakk\u0131nda \u015fu bilgileri \u00f6\u011frenmekte yarar vard\u0131r\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>7-10. y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T%25C3%25BCrk_halklar%25C4%25B1\">T\u00fcrk toplulu\u011fu<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/B%25C3%25BCy%25C3%25BCk_Bulgarya_Hanl%25C4%25B1%25C4%259F%25C4%25B1\">B\u00fcy\u00fck Bulgarya Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/a>&#8216;n\u0131n <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hazarlar\">Hazarlar<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131p <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%25C3%2596n_bulgarlar\">\u00d6n bulgarlar<\/a> halk\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesinden sonra meydana gelmi\u015ftir ve 13. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar toplu halde kalm\u0131\u015f olan bir halk olmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00d6n Bulgarlar\u0131n g\u00fcneybat\u0131ya g\u00f6\u00e7 eden Tuna \u00d6n Bulgarlar\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc 9. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u0130dil \u00d6n Bulgarlar\u0131 ise 8. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130slam\u0131 kabul etmi\u015flerdir. \u0130slam\u0131 devlet dini olarak kabul eden ilk T\u00fcrk devletidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130dil \u00d6n Bulgarlar\u0131n\u0131n kuzeyde kurduklar\u0131 hanl\u0131k, b\u00f6lgede \u00f6nemli ticari g\u00fcce sahip olmu\u015ftur. Sonradan bu devletin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel miras\u0131, <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cengiz_Han\">Cengiz Han<\/a>&#8216;\u0131n Alt\u0131n Ordu&#8217;suna akm\u0131\u015f ve en sonunda <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kazan_Tatarlar%25C4%25B1\">Kazan Tatarlar\u0131<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kazan Tatarlar\u0131 19. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar kendilerine hala <strong>&#8220;Tatarlar&#8221; <\/strong>de\u011fil <strong>&#8220;\u00d6n Bolgarlar&#8221; <\/strong>denilmesine \u00f6nem vermi\u015flerdir. <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%25C3%2587uva%25C5%259Flar\">\u00c7uva\u015flar<\/a> da kendilerini \u0130dil \u00d6n Bulgarlar\u0131n\u0131n torunlar\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcrler. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn milliyet\u00e7i \u00c7uva\u015flar\u0131, hala \u00fclkelerine <strong>&#8220;\u00c7uva\u015f Cumhuriyeti&#8221; <\/strong>yerine <strong>&#8220;Bolgar Cumhuriyeti&#8221;<\/strong> ad\u0131 verilmesi gerekti\u011fini vurgularlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kubrat_Han\">Kubrat Han<\/a>&#8216;\u0131n kurdu\u011fu ilk <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/B%25C3%25BCy%25C3%25BCk_Bulgarya_Hanl%25C4%25B1%25C4%259F%25C4%25B1\">B\u00fcy\u00fck Bulgarya Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/a>&#8216;n\u0131n 640 y\u0131l\u0131nda <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hazarlar\">Hazarlar<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan ma\u011flup edilmesi sonucu <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%25C3%2596n_Bulgarlar\">\u00d6n Bulgarlar<\/a> iki b\u00fcy\u00fck kola ayr\u0131l\u0131p <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karadeniz\">Karadeniz<\/a>&#8216;in kuzeyindeki eski memleketlerini terk etmi\u015flerdir. Kubrat&#8217;in o\u011flu <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asparuh\">Asparuh<\/a> ile g\u00fcneybat\u0131ya g\u00f6\u00e7 eden kol <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Balkanlar\">Balkanlar<\/a>&#8216;da kurduklar\u0131 <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Birinci_Bulgar_Devleti\">Birinci Bulgar Devleti<\/a> g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bulgaristan\">Bulgaristan<\/a>&#8216;\u0131n\u0131n temeli olurken, <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kotrak\">Kotrak<\/a> Han ile kuzeye g\u00f6\u00e7 edenler <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Volga\">Volga Nehri<\/a>&#8216;ne biti\u015fik bir hanl\u0131k kurarak \u0130dil \u00d6n Bulgarlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131r. \u00d6n Bulgarlar\u0131n, Kubrat&#8217;\u0131n di\u011fer bir o\u011flu olan <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Batbayan\">Batbayan<\/a>&#8216;\u0131n yan\u0131nda kalan b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Hazarlar\u0131n kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131nda ya\u015famay\u0131 kabul etmi\u015flerdir. Bu y\u00fczden <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hazar_Ka%25C4%259Fanl%25C4%25B1%25C4%259F%25C4%25B1\">Hazar Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/a>&#8216;nda kalanlara &#8220;Kara Bulgar&#8221; ve \u0130dil \u00d6n Bulgarlar\u0131na &#8220;Ak Bulgar&#8221; da denilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/B%25C3%25BCy%25C3%25BCk_Bulgarya_Hanl%25C4%25B1%25C4%259F%25C4%25B1\">B\u00fcy\u00fck Bulgarya Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/a>&#8216;n\u0131n par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 \u00fczerine, <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%25C4%25B0til\">\u0130til<\/a> b\u00f6lgesine g\u00f6\u00e7en \u00d6n Bulgar kabileleri, ilk zamanlar Hazarlarla dost ge\u00e7indiler. Be\u015f y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k tarihi ile sa\u011flam siyasi ve askeri te\u015fkilata sahip olduklar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Yerle\u015ftikleri topraklar\u0131n verimli olmas\u0131, ticareti iyi bilmeleri bu devlete g\u00fc\u00e7 katt\u0131. Devletin ba\u015fkenti olan \u201cBulgar\u201d \u015fehri, 11. ve 12. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Avrupa&#8217;n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli ticaret \u015fehirlerinden biriydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bulgar t\u00fcccarlar Hazar \u00fclkesinde, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman t\u00fcccarlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmalar\u0131, \u0130til \u00d6n Bulgarlar\u0131n\u0131n 10. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130slam dinini benimsemelerinde etkili olmu\u015ftur. Bulgar Hakan\u0131 Almu\u015f; 920 y\u0131l\u0131nda halife El-Muktedir\u2019den \u00fclkesine din adamlar\u0131 ile mescit in\u015fas\u0131 i\u00e7in mimarlar g\u00f6ndermesini istedi. \u0130til \u00d6n Bulgarlar\u0131, \u0130slamiyeti kabul etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alm%25C4%25B1%25C5%259F_Han\">Alm\u0131\u015f Han<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%25C4%25B0slam\">\u0130slam<\/a> dinini benimsedikten sonra Ja&#8217;afar ibn Abdullah) ismini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130dil \u00d6n Bulgarlar\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir devlet kurmalar\u0131, Rus \u00c7ar\u0131 <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/I._Svyatoslav_(Kiev_B%25C3%25BCy%25C3%25BCk_Knezi)\">I. Svyatoslav<\/a> 966 y\u0131l\u0131nda <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pe%25C3%25A7enekler\">Pe\u00e7enekleri<\/a> ma\u011flup edip <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hazar_Ka%25C4%259Fanl%25C4%25B1%25C4%259F%25C4%25B1\">Hazar Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/a>&#8216;n\u0131 da da\u011f\u0131tmas\u0131na kadar beklemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130dil \u00d6n Bulgarlar\u0131 922 y\u0131l\u0131nda, <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Alamu%25C5%259F_Han&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Alamu\u015f Han<\/a>&#8216;\u0131n (Almu\u015f, Almas, Alm\u0131\u015f) h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u0130slam&#8217;a ge\u00e7mi\u015flerdir. Alamu\u015f Han, bir kale yap\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7im <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ba%25C4%259Fdat\">Ba\u011fdat<\/a>&#8216;taki <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=El_Muktedir&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">El Muktedir<\/a> halifesinden yard\u0131m istemi\u015f, ve halife, kale mimarlar\u0131 ile birlikte din adamlar\u0131 da g\u00f6nderip, \u0130slam&#8217;a ge\u00e7i\u015fini kale yap\u0131m\u0131 yard\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in \u015fart k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece \u0130dil \u00d6n Bulgarlar\u0131, daha <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karahanl%25C4%25B1lar\">Karahanl\u0131lardan<\/a> bile \u00f6nce toplu halde \u0130slama ge\u00e7erek, \u0130slam&#8217;a topluca ge\u00e7en T\u00fcrk halk\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131. \u0130dil \u00d6n Bulgarlar\u0131n\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, daha g\u00fcneyde bulunan \u0130slami halklarla ileti\u015fimleri ve al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fleri artm\u0131\u015f, ve b\u00f6ylece arap \u00fclkelerinden Ruslara giden l\u00fcks mallar\u0131n ticaretini kontrol etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130dil \u00d6n Bulgarlar\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir tar\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k geli\u015ftirip, <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bulgar_(%25C5%259Fehir)\">Bolgar<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Bilar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Bilar<\/a> (2. ba\u015fkentleri), <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suvar_(%25C5%259Fehir)\">Suar<\/a> (Suvar), Ka\u015fan, \u00c7\u00fck\u00e4tav (Juketav), A\u015fl\u0131 (Oshel), Tuxc\u0131n (Tuk\u00e7\u0131n), \u0130brahim (Bryakhimov) ve Tavile gibi bir\u00e7ok kentler kurmu\u015flard\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca bir\u00e7ok cami ve kervansaray in\u015fa etmi\u015flerdir. 10. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar hala, en az\u0131ndan yaz aylar\u0131nda tahta evleri terk edip \u00e7ad\u0131rlarda oturmu\u015f olduklar\u0131 bilinir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130dil \u00d6n Bulgarlar\u0131 i\u00e7in en m\u00fchim kom\u015fular\u0131, Hazar hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 966 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra Ruslar ve Pe\u00e7enekler olmu\u015flard\u0131r. 11. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda \u0130dil Nehrinin g\u00fcneyinde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan Pe\u00e7eneklerin yerini <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/K%25C4%25B1p%25C3%25A7aklar\">K\u0131p\u00e7aklar<\/a> (ya da Kumanlar) alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1006 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130dil \u00d6n Bulgarlar\u0131, ticari ama\u00e7lardan dolay\u0131 ilk kez Ruslarla diplomatik ba\u011flant\u0131lar kurmu\u015flard\u0131r. <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%25C4%25B0brahim_Han&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u0130brahim Han<\/a> d\u00f6neminde (1006-1025) bu ba\u011flant\u0131lar <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Horasan\">Horasan<\/a>&#8216;a kadar uzanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 12. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ama Rus prensleri Bulgar t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n\u0131n yolunu kestirip onlar\u0131 soydurduklar\u0131 ve hatta onlara i\u015fkence ettirdikleri i\u00e7in, Ruslar ile aralar\u0131nda ciddi sorunlar ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1117 y\u0131l\u0131nda Prens <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yuri_Dolgoruki\">Yuri Dolgoruki<\/a> (h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k s\u00fcresi: 1125-1157) ve K\u0131p\u00e7ak Han&#8217;\u0131 Ayepa aras\u0131nda bir birle\u015fme anla\u015fmas\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u00d6n Bulgarlar ama Ayepa Han&#8217;\u0131 ve di\u011fer Prensleri zehirleyerek bu anla\u015fmay\u0131 da\u011f\u0131tmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Andrei Bogoljubski (h\u00fck. 1157-1174) h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k zaman\u0131nda \u0130dil \u00d6n Bulgarlar\u0131na sald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve devletlerini tekrar tehdit etmi\u015ftir. Ruslara kar\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen bu sava\u015flar\u0131n birisi <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Gadbulla_%25C3%2587elbir_Han&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Gadbulla \u00c7elbir Han<\/a> (h\u00fck. 1178-1225) zaman\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f ve bundan k\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra Mo\u011follar <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Kalka&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Kalka<\/a>&#8216;y\u0131 ya\u011fmalamalar\u0131ndan d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015flerinde \u0130dil Bulgarlar\u0131 \u00fclkesini basm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Mo\u011follar\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fc artmas\u0131 devam s\u00fcrd\u00fck\u00e7e \u0130dil \u00d6n Bulgarlar\u0131 devletinin sonu ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1236 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonbahar\u0131nda <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Batu_Han\">Batu Han<\/a> gelmi\u015ftir; <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Volga\">Volga Nehri<\/a>&#8216;nin civar\u0131nda Ruslara kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in toplanan dev ordusu Bulgar kentini talan etmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece b\u00fcy\u00fck bir katliam ile \u0130dil \u00d6n Bulgarlar\u0131 hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sonu gelmi\u015ftir. Hayatta kalan \u0130dil \u00d6n Bulgarlar\u0131 Mo\u011fol ordusuna kat\u0131lmaya zorunlu tutulmu\u015flard\u0131r. <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cengiz_Han\">Cengiz Han<\/a>&#8216;\u0131n <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alt%25C4%25B1n_Orda_Devleti\">Alt\u0131n Orda<\/a> d\u00f6neminde \u0130dil \u00d6n Bulgarlar\u0131 topraklar\u0131 ve in\u015fa ettikleri kentler Cengiz Han&#8217;\u0131n aristokratlar\u0131 i\u00e7in bir merkez haline gelmi\u015f ve 14. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar bu \u00f6nemini korumu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1237 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mo\u011fol h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Batuhan taraf\u0131ndan ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131lar. Y\u00fcksek medeniyete sahip olan Kazan \u00d6n Bulgarlar\u0131, Mo\u011follar\u0131n ve Alt\u0131n Orda Devleti&#8217;nin T\u00fcrkle\u015fmesine neden oldu. 1399 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rus istilas\u0131na u\u011frayan Bulgar Devleti, Alt\u0131n Orda Devleti y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131nca 1437 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kazan_Hanl%25C4%25B1%25C4%259F%25C4%25B1\">Kazan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/a>\u201d b\u00fcnyesinde varl\u0131klar\u0131na devam ettiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color\"><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Volga\"><strong>Volga<\/strong><\/a><strong> (\u0130dil) Nehri <\/strong>boylar\u0131nda kurulan <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%25C4%25B0dil_Bulgar_Hanl%25C4%25B1%25C4%259F%25C4%25B1\">\u0130dil Bulgar Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/a>, 965 y\u0131l\u0131na dek <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hazar_Devleti\">Hazar Devleti<\/a>&#8216;ne t\u00e2bi olmu\u015f, an\u0131lan tarihten 1237&#8217;ye kadar ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hanlar, 922 y\u0131l\u0131nda resmen M\u00fcsl\u00fcman oldular. 1237&#8217;den itibaren, <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alt%25C4%25B1n_Orda_Devleti\">Alt\u0131n Orda Devleti<\/a>&#8216;ni metb\u00fb olarak tan\u0131yan \u0130dil Bulgar Hanlar\u0131 d\u00f6neminde devlet iyice k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcld\u00fc ve 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n hemen ba\u015f\u0131nda, tamamen Alt\u0131n Orda Devleti&#8217;ne ilhak olundu. Ural Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015f\u0131p, Tataristan\u2019da bulunan, Volga (\u0130dil) Nehri k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda yer alan Kazan \u015fehrini ve \u00e7evresinde yer alan Tatar T\u00fcrk k\u00f6ylerini gezmelerini sal\u0131k veririm.<strong> Rusya Federasyonu topraklar\u0131nda (Sibirya\u2019da) yer alan Tataristan, Ba\u015fkurdistan, Hakas, Altay, Tuva ve Yakutistan<\/strong> gibi \u00f6teki T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc izlerini ya\u015fatan halklar\u0131 da gezip g\u00f6rmenizi \u00f6nermekteyim. Bir ba\u015fka gezi yaz\u0131m kapsam\u0131nda, Yoleri Gezgin Dervi\u015f olarak; \u00f6zg\u00fcn foto\u011fraflar e\u015fli\u011finde, bu co\u011frafyalar\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri de yazaca\u011f\u0131m\u2026 Yolunuz ve baht\u0131n\u0131z a\u00e7\u0131k olsun\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kaynak: <\/strong>www.dursunozden.com.tr<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-medium is-style-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"142\" height=\"300\" data-id=\"11269\"  src=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/8a-142x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11269\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/8a-142x300.jpg 142w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/8a-344x728.jpg 344w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/8a.jpg 453w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 142px) 100vw, 142px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-medium is-style-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1680\" height=\"1170\" data-id=\"11268\"  src=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/4-kopyasi.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11268\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/4-kopyasi.jpg 1680w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/4-kopyasi-431x300.jpg 431w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/4-kopyasi-1024x713.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/4-kopyasi-768x535.jpg 768w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/4-kopyasi-1536x1070.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1680px) 100vw, 1680px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-medium is-style-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" data-id=\"11265\"  src=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/1a.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11265\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/1a.jpg 1920w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/1a-450x300.jpg 450w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/1a-1024x683.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/1a-768x512.jpg 768w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/1a-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-medium is-style-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"511\" height=\"288\" data-id=\"11264\"  src=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11264\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/1.jpg 511w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/1-500x282.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 511px) 100vw, 511px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-medium is-style-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" data-id=\"11267\"  src=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/3.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11267\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/3.jpg 1920w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/3-500x281.jpg 500w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/3-1024x576.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/3-768x432.jpg 768w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/3-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-medium is-style-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"557\" height=\"371\" data-id=\"11266\"  src=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/1aKAZAN1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11266\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/1aKAZAN1.jpg 557w, http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/1aKAZAN1-450x300.jpg 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 557px) 100vw, 557px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Kazan, Rusya Federasyonu\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 Tataristan \u00d6zerk Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ba\u015fkenti. Tataristan\u2019\u0131n n\u00fcfusu 3,78 milyon ve y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc 67,800 kilometrekaredir. N\u00fcfusun %53\u2019\u00fc M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk Tatarlar, %39\u2019u Ortadoks Ruslar, %3.4\u2019\u00fc \u00c7uva\u015flar ve %4,6\u2019s\u0131 ise Ba\u015fkortlar\u2019d\u0131r.&nbsp; 9. yy\u2019dan beri bu co\u011frafyada ya\u015fayan Tatar T\u00fcrkleri, b\u00f6lgede istikrar ve bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n g\u00fcvencesi olmu\u015flar&#8230; Tolstoy ve Lenin gibi \u00fcnl\u00fc ki\u015filerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00dcniversiteyi okudu\u011fu k\u00fclt\u00fcr &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":11265,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1,65],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11262"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=11262"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11262\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11400,"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11262\/revisions\/11400"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/11265"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=11262"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=11262"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.dursunozden.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=11262"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}